Slide 1Chapter IntroductionEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemorySlide 11Encoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryEncoding in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemoryRetrieval in Long-Term MemorySlide 41Retrieval in Long-Term MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemorySlide 52Autobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemorySlide 58Autobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryAutobiographical MemoryCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Cognition, 8eChapter 5Long-Term MemoryCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Chapter Introductionworking memorylong-term memoryepisodic memorysemantic memoryprocedural memoryencodingretrievalautobiographical memoryCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryLevels of processingCraik & Lockhart (1972)•Levels-of-processing approach/depth-of-processing approach—argues that deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of processing.•In general, people achieve a deeper level of processing when they extract more meaning from a stimulus.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryLevels of processingLevels of Processing and Memory for General Material•Deeper levels of processing should produce better recall.•meaning vs. physical appearance•distinctiveness•elaboration•Deep processing also enhances memory for faces.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryLevels of processingLevels of Processing and the Self-Reference Effectself-reference effect1. Representative researchRogers and coauthors (1977)•visual characteristics•acoustic characteristics•semantic characteristics•self-reference instructionsmeta-analysisCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryLevels of processingLevels of Processing and the Self-Reference Effect2. Participants' failure to follow instructionsFoley and coauthors (1999)•Participants sometimes use self-reference even when instructed to use shallow processing.•The extent of the self-reference effect may be underestimated.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryLevels of processingLevels of Processing and the Self-Reference Effect3. Factors responsible for the self-reference effect•The "self" provides a rich set of cues.•Self-reference instructions encourage people to consider how their personal traits are connected with one another (elaboration).•Material associated with the self is rehearsed more frequently.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity Principleencoding-specificity principle•Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.•When the two contexts do not match, you are more likely to forget the items.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity PrincipleResearch on Encoding SpecificityMarian and Fausey (2006)•bilingual English/Spanish speakers•stories and questions (in either English or Spanish)•match or mismatch of story and question languagesCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity PrincipleResearch on Encoding SpecificityMarian and Fausey (2006) (continued)•People were relatively accurate if they had heard the story and answered the questions in the same language. •People were less accurate if they heard the story in one language and answered the questions in a different language.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity PrincipleResearch on Encoding Specificity 1. Different kinds of memory tasks•recall task vs. recognition task•real-life vs. laboratory •short delay vs. long delay•Encoding specificity is typically strong in recall, real-life, long-delay situations.2. Physical versus mental contextCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity PrincipleLevels of Processing and Encoding SpecificityEncoding specificity can override level of processing.Bransford and coauthors (1979)•various levels-of-processing tasks during encoding•test with rhyming taskCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity PrincipleLevels of Processing and Encoding SpecificityBransford and coauthors (1979) (continued)•People perform better on rhyming test if they had originally performed the shallow-encoding task, rather than the deep-encoding task.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 5Encoding in Long-Term MemoryThe Effects of Context: The Encoding-Specificity PrincipleLevels of Processing and Encoding SpecificityBransford and coauthors (1979)