Slide 1Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsSchemas and ScriptsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Cognition, 8eChapter 8General KnowledgeCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and Scriptsschema—generalized knowledge about a situation, an event, or a personSchema theories are especially helpful when psychologists try to explain how people process complex situations and events.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsBackground on Schemas and ScriptsSchema theories propose that people encode "generic" information about a situation, then use this information to understand and remember new examples of the schema."This is just like what happened when . . ."Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsBackground on Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Scripts•script—simple, well-structured sequence of events•restaurant script•life scriptsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsBackground on Schemas and ScriptsIdentifying the Script in AdvanceScripts are recalled more accurately if identified in advance.Demonstration 8.4: Trafimow & Wyer (1993)•scripts with irrelevant details•script-identifying event either first or last•recall eventsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsBackground on Schemas and ScriptsIdentifying the Script in AdvanceDemonstration 8.4—Trafimow & Wyer (1993) (continued)•Event recall was higher when the script-identifying event was presented first, rather than last.Events in a sequence are much more memorable if you understand—from the very beginning—that these events are all part of a standard script.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionDemonstration 8.5: Brewer and Treyens (1981)•recall objects from an office waiting room•highly likely to recall objects consistent with "office schema"•"remembered" items that were not in the room, but were consistent with "office schema"Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionNeuschatz and coauthors (2002)•"lecture schema"People are more likely to recall schema-inconsistent material when that material is vivid or surprising.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionDavidson (1994)•read stories describing well-known schemas•especially likely to recall schema-inconsistent events that interrupted the normal, expected storyCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionGeneral Conclusions about Schemas and Memory Selection1. If the information describes a minor event—and time is limited—people tend to remember information accurately when it is consistent with a schema (e.g., the desk and the chair in the ‘‘office’’).Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionGeneral Conclusions about Schemas and Memory Selection2. If the information describes a minor event—and time is limited—people do not remember information that is inconsistent with the schema (e.g., the wine bottle and the picnic basket).Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionGeneral Conclusions about Schemas and Memory Selection3. People seldom create a completely false memory for a lengthy event that did not occur (e.g., the lecturer did not dance across the room).Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory SelectionGeneral Conclusions about Schemas and Memory Selection4. When the information describes a major event that is inconsistent with the standard schema, people are likely to remember that event (e.g., the child who crashes into Sarah).Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Boundary ExtensionDemonstration 8.6boundary extension—our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shownCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Boundary ExtensionIntraub and colleagues•see photo then draw replica of photo•Participants consistently produced a sketch that extended the boundaries beyond the view presented in the original photo.•activate a perceptual schemaCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Boundary Extensionrelevance in eyewitness testimony situationsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory Abstractionabstraction—a memory process that stores the meaning of a message but not the exact wordsverbatim memory—word-for-word recallCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory AbstractionThe Constructive ApproachBransford and Franks (1971)•listen to sentences from several different stories•recognition test including new items•People were convinced that they had seen these new items before (false alarm).Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory AbstractionThe Constructive ApproachBransford and Franks (1971) (continued)•False alarms were particularly likely for complex sentences consistent with the original schema.•False alarms were unlikely for sentences violating the meaning of the earlier sentences.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 8Schemas and ScriptsSchemas and Memory AbstractionThe Constructive Approachconstructive model of memory—People integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas; later, they cannot untangle the constructed information from the verbatim sentences.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter