Slide 1Chapter IntroductionSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesDemonstration 3.1: The Stroop Effect, Part ADemonstration 3.1: The Stroop Effect, Part BSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesDemonstration 3.2 Part ADemonstration 3.2 Part BSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSlide 24Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesSeveral Kinds of Attention ProcessesExplanations for AttentionExplanations for AttentionExplanations for AttentionExplanations for AttentionExplanations for AttentionExplanations for AttentionExplanations for AttentionSlide 36Explanations for AttentionConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessConsciousnessCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Cognition, 8eChapter 3Perceptual Processes II: Attention and ConsciousnessCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Chapter Introduction•Trying to attend to everything at once is more than the cognitive processes can handle.•attention—concentration of mental activity•top-down and bottom-up processing•attention and visual phenomenaCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesDivided Attentiondivided-attention task•trying to pay attention to two or more simultaneous messages•respond appropriately to each message•speed and accuracy sufferCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesDivided Attentionmultitasking•walking and talking•reading and IM•People may believe that they can multitask, but the research does not support this illusion. •People perform faster and more accurately if they work on one task at a time.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesDivided Attentiondriving studiesCollet and coauthors (2011)•handheld cell phone while driving•reaction times during driving are 20% slower than without the cell phoneStrayer and colleagues (2003)•hands-free cell phones, traffic•slower to brake•inattentional blindnesspassenger conversationstask switchingCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesSelective Attention Overview•pay attention to certain kinds of information, while ignoring other ongoing information•simplifies our lives•People notice little about the irrelevant tasks.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesSelective Attention OverviewSelective attention tasks discussed in Chapter 3:•Dichotic listening•The Stroop Effect/Task•Visual search•Saccadic eye movements during readingCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesDichotic Listening•a selective-attention task•one message presented to left ear and a different message presented to right ear•shadow one of the messages•People notice very little about the unattended message.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesDichotic ListeningIn general, people can process only one message at a time. However, people may process the unattended message when:1. both messages are presented slowly2. the task is not challenging3. the meaning of the unattended message is immediately relevantCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesDichotic Listeningcocktail party effectCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesThe Stroop Effecta selective-attention taskDemonstration 3.1: The Stroop Effect•naming the ink color of words•incongruent words vs. colored patches•People take a long time to name the ink color when that color is used in printing an incongruent word; in contrast, they can quickly name that same ink color when it appears as a solid patch of color.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Demonstration 3.1: The Stroop Effect, Part ASay out loud the names of the ink colors, ignoring the meaning of the words. Measure the amount of time it takes to go through this list five times. Record that time.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Demonstration 3.1: The Stroop Effect, Part BName the colors in the rectangular patches below. Measure the amount of time it takes to go through this list five times. Record the time.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesThe Stroop Effectexplanations in terms of PDP and practice reading as automatic processemotional Stroop task•naming the ink color of words with strong emotional significance•trouble ignoring emotional reactions•phobic disorder—slower on anxiety-arousing words than on control wordsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesThe Stroop Effectattentional bias•suicide•depression•addiction•eating disordersCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesIndividual Differences: Eating Disorders and the Stroop EffectPringle and coauthors (2010)•online questionnaire, female dieters•emotionally relevant words related to body shape, weight, eating; neutral words•Stroop task; Eating Attitudes TestCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesIndividual Differences: Eating Disorders and the Stroop EffectPringle and coauthors (2010) (continued)•When women took much longer to read words related to shape (as opposed to the control words), they were especially likely to have high scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (risk for developing eating disorders.cognitive-behavioral approachCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention ProcessesVisual Search•a selective-attention task•find a target in a visual display with numerous distractorsVariables Influencing Visual Searchmore accurate if the target appears frequentlyCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 3Several Kinds of Attention