Slide 1The Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImagerySlide 5Slide 6The Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImagerySlide 21The Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Visual ImageryThe Characteristics of Auditory ImageryThe Characteristics of Auditory ImageryThe Characteristics of Auditory ImageryThe Characteristics of Auditory ImageryCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsSlide 51Cognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsSlide 59Cognitive MapsCognitive MapsSlide 62Cognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognitive MapsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7Cognition, 8eChapter 7Mental Imagery and Cognitive MapsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual Imagery•not directly observable•fades quicklyimagery debate•perception vs. language •analog code (depictive representation/pictorial representation)•propositional code (descriptive representation)Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryHow to study mental imagery?If a mental image resembles a physical object, then people should make judgments about a mental image in the same way that they make judgments about the corresponding physical object.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryIn Depth: Visual Imagery and RotationShepard and Metzler's Research•Demonstration 7.2•same/different task using pairs of line drawings•two- vs. three-dimensions•reaction time to decide same/different•Decision time is influenced by the amount of rotation required to match the figures.•Large rotations take more time.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryIn Depth: Visual Imagery and RotationSubsequent Research on Mental RotationResearch with other stimuli (e.g., letters of the alphabet) also finds clear relationship between amount of rotation and reaction time.Takeda and coauthors (2010)•handedness•upright vs. upside-down picturesCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryIn Depth: Visual Imagery and RotationSubsequent Research on Mental RotationOther research•age •American Sign Language (ASL)Overall strong support for the analog-coding approachCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryIn Depth: Visual Imagery and RotationCognitive Neuroscience Research on Mental Rotation TasksKosslyn, Thompson and coauthors (2001)•rotate geometric figures with hands vs. watch an electric motor rotate the figures•perform Shepard and Metzler same/different task rotating the figures mentallyCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryIn Depth: Visual Imagery and RotationCognitive Neuroscience Research on Mental Rotation TasksKosslyn, Thompson and coauthors (2001) (continued)•PET scan—Participants who had rotated the original geometric figure with their hands, now showed activity in the primary motor cortex; participants who only watched did not.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryIn Depth: Visual Imagery and RotationCognitive Neuroscience Research on Mental Rotation TasksRole of Instructions •standard instructions activated the right frontal lobes and parietal lobes•"rotate self" instructions activated the left temporal lobe and a different part of the motor cortexImplications for people recovering from a strokeCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryVisual Imagery and DistanceStephen Kosslyntime to scan the distance between two points in a mental imageexperimenter expectancyCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryVisual Imagery and ShapePaivio (1978)•hands on imaginary clock•high-imagery vs. low-imagery participantsShepard and Chipman (1970)•more complex shapes•U.S. statesCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryConclusions About The Characteristics of Mental Images (so far)1. When people rotate a visual image, a large rotation takes them longer, just as they take longer when making a large rotation with a physical stimulus.2. People make distance judgments in a similar fashion for mental images and physical stimuli.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryConclusions About The Characteristics of Mental Images (so far)3. People make decisions about shape in a similar fashion for mental images and physical stimuli; this conclusion holds true for both simple shapes (angles formed by hands on a clock) and complex shapes (geographic regions, like Colorado or West Virginia).Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryVisual Imagery and InterferenceMental imagery can interfere with visual perception.Segal and Fusella (1970)•create visual image•detect physical stimulus•People had more problems detecting the physical stimulus when the image and the physical stimulus were in the same sensory mode.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 7The Characteristics of Visual ImageryVisual Imagery and InterferenceMast and colleagues (1999)Imagined lines and real lines produced similar