Chapter: Chapter 07: Mental Imagery and Cognitive MapsMultiple Choice1. The majority of mental imagery used by college students wasa) visual.b) auditory.c) tactile.d) olfactory.Ans: aFeedback: See page 2092. The imagery debate (Kosslyn and his colleagues, 2006) concerns the major, unresolved theoretical controversy in the field of imagery research--that is, whether people store images:a) in terms of an analog code or in terms of a propositional code. b) in terms of a "still photograph" or in terms of a "motion picture." c) in the cerebral cortex or in the cerebellum. d) in the left cerebral hemisphere or in the right cerebral hemisphere. Ans: aFeedback: See page 2123. In an early study on mental rotation (Shepard and Metzler, 1971), people judged whether pairs of figures in different orientations were the same or different. What did this study demonstrate?a) Reaction time is related to the amount of mental rotation necessary to make same-different judgments.b) It takes less time to rotate pairs in the picture plane (2-dimensional rotation) than to rotate pairs in depth (3-dimensional rotation). c) The propositional-coding view is correct, and the analog view is incorrect. d) Mental rotation ability was strongly related to several personality characteristics of participants. Ans: aFeedback: See pages 213 - 2154. Which of the following variables greatly influences reaction times in experiments on mental rotation?a) Brightly colored objects take less time to rotate mentally than black-and-white objects. b) Less complex objects take more time to rotate mentally than more complex objects. c) The greater the degrees of physical rotation, the more time is required for mental rotation. d) Mental rotation in depth requires more time than mental rotation in the picture plane. Ans: cFeedback: See pages 213 - 2155. Research on mental rotation found that time to rotate the mental imagea) was significantly shorter than rotation of physical objects.b) was the same as that required to rotate equivalent physical objects.c) did not differ between different images.d) was significantly shorter than that required to rotate physical objects.Ans: bFeedback: See pages 214 - 2156. Some researchers recently conducted PET scans while people manually rotated some geometrical line drawings. Then the same people mentally rotated the drawings. The researchers found that:a) neural activity increased in the primary motor cortex during manual rotation, but there were no changes in neural activity during mental rotation. b) there were no changes in neural activity during manual rotation, but neural activity increased in the primary motor cortex during mental rotation. c) neural activity increased in the primary motor cortex during manual rotation, but neural activity increased in the left temporal lobe during mental rotation. d) during both manual and mental rotation, neural activity increased in the primary motor cortex. Ans: dFeedback: See page 2167. Which of the following statements about imagery and shape is correct?a) When people judge the similarity of the shapes of two states (e.g., Colorado and Oregon) by using imagery, their judgments usually bear little or no relationship to reality. b) Judgments of the similarity of the shapes of two states (e.g., Colorado and Oregon) are comparable when people are presented the actual shapes of the states or simply the names of the states. c) Only when people store a mental image in terms of a verbal description are they able to identify physical figures hidden in it. d) Nearly all studies conducted so far on imagery and shape have supported the propositional-coding view of mental imagery. Ans: bFeedback: See page 2198. Various experiments on visual imagery, such as one in which participants compared shapes of states of the United States, led one researcher (Paivio, 1978) to conclude that imagery coding is:a) symbolic. b) propositional. c) structural. d) analog. Ans: dFeedback: See page 2199. Which of the following statements about imagery and interference is correct?a) A verbal task interferes with visual imagery more than it interferes with auditory imagery. b) A visual imagery task can interfere with visual perception. c) Mental imagery can interfere with perception, but perception does not interfere with mental imagery. d) Even when a mental image is vivid, it does not interfere with perception. Ans: bFeedback: See page 21910. Research on mental imagery and ambiguous figures has found that people usea) an analog code.b) a propositional code.c) an imagocentric code.d) Either an analog or propositional code.Ans: dFeedback: See pages 220 - 22311. Mental imagery usesa) top-down processing.b) bottom-up processing.c) both top-down and bottom-up processing.d) neither top-down nor bottom-up processing.Ans: aFeedback: See page 22412. Many cognitive psychologists think that imagery representations are stored in an analog code, but other cognitive psychologists argue that imagery representations are epiphenomenal and are based on an underlying:a) procedural code. b) implicit memory representation. c) propositional code. d) prospective memory code. Ans: cFeedback: See page 22413. A recent article that summarized previous meta-analysis (Hyde, 2005) focusing on gender differences concluded that:a) men outperform women on imagery tasks that require mental rotation. b) men and women show little or no difference in verbal ability. c) men and women show little or no difference in mathematics ability. d) All of the above are correct. Ans: dFeedback: See pages 225 - 22614. Recent evidence concerning brain areas involved in imagery suggest that:a) visual imagery and visual perception involve completely different pathways in the brain. b) visual imagery may activate some of the same pathways that are involved in visual perception. c) visual imagery activates some of the pathways as those involved in music appreciation. d) visual imagery and auditory imagery involve the same brain mechanisms. Ans: bFeedback: See page 22515. When a person is engaged in a visual-imagery task, one part of the brain that has been recently discovered to be activated is the:a) retina. b) temporal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere. c) parietal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere. d) primary visual cortex. Ans: dFeedback: See page 22516. Which of the following have not been studies in research on auditory imagery?a) pitchb) timbrec) memorabilityd) loudnessAns: cFeedback: See pages 228 - 23017. A cognitive