Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 8 March 12 2010 altruism speciation 1 Altruism How can we explain the evolution of altruism or behavior that promotes an individual to make sacrifices to help others For example if a bird sees a predator and gives an alarm call to alert other birds to the danger that action makes the bird more visible to the predator and increases the chance the predator will target it Altruism will be favored if it increases the fitness of close relatives who share your genes by descent However the degree of altruism varies with the degree of relatedness consider full siblings and first cousins A full sibling shares 50 of your genes relatedness factor r 0 5 A first cousin shares 12 5 of your genes relatedness factor r 0 125 Therefore I would not lay down my life for a brother but would do so for 2 brothers or 8 cousins Haldane Haldane says this as a way to show how relatedness affects how many genes would be passing For example 2 brothers relatedness 1 However 8 first cousins 0 125 relatedness 1 This concept was further formalized into Kin Selection Theory which explains when altruism will be beneficial in a reproductive sense Altruism will be favored if r B C where r is relatedness B is benefit to the recipient of altruism and C is the cost to you For example consider ground squirrels They give alarm calls when predators are near however it turns out the female squirrels are the only gender to give an alarm call Further females reside in the same territory from infanthood to adulthood while males disperse Therefore all the females in one area will be related and by giving alarm calls that female is providing a survival benefit to all the nearby females she is related to Another example is the tuco tuco These burrowing creatures have litters so there are lots of babies They also practice communal nursing of young but again it is a group of sisters who communally nurse their babies A final example is when turkeys form male coalitions to assist each other in mating competition Why would a group of male turkeys ally themselves together All the turkeys in a coalition are brothers thus by helping one of their group to mate they are propagating their own shared genes Speciation The Mystery of Mysteries speciation Microevolution Populations Macroevolution Clades We have reviewed the major processes governing evolution within and among populations microevolution These processes are the same that govern the evolution of new species or macroevolution That said what is a species 1 Typological species concept Species were considered to be fixed entities or a thought of god Naturalists and philosophers from Aristotle through Linnaeus took this view and cataloguing the extent of nature was merely describing all of these fixed forms which were created along with the Earth Moritz Lecture 8 Notes page 1 Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 8 March 12 2010 altruism speciation 2 2 Evolutionary species concept Charles Darwin did not see species as qualitatively different from other varieties instead a species concept is an arbitrary category humans use to define the variation in form they see a Discontinuous species concept Proposed by Darwin Descent with modification combined with extinction allows us to consider species as organisms with discontinuous phenotypes Thus species are defined by their morphological distinctiveness and in practice most species can be defined by taxonomists b Phylogenetic species concept Proposed by Systematists By looking at characters and their ancestry you can describe a group s as shared derived monophyletic etc Thus you define a species based on how its traits relate to other populations and species c Biological species concept Proposed by NeoDarwinists Emphasizes reproductive isolation examining groups of populations reproductively isolated from others Forms of Reproductive Isolation Even though these are presented as prezygotic and postzygotic keep in mind they are not in any kind of set sequence especially if referring to the textbook for Figure 24 4 Prezygotic Isolation occurs before mating and fertilization and prevents the formation of a zygote 1 Habitat Two sexually compatible species might dwell in different habitats and thus be reproductively isolated simply because they never meet Consider a lake and insects living right under the surface water and another divergent species living just above the lake floor 2 Timing Two sexually compatible species might not have mating seasons that correspond with each other or might not occupy the same range at the same time 3 Behavior A species behavior might prevent it from mating with another species for example many birds have specific mating rituals If these are not performed correctly then mating will not occur 4 Mechanical Two species reproductive organs just might not fit Two species might also mate together successfully but the female s ova will not recognize and accept the sperm it will not have the correct surface proteins this is called gamete recognition Postzygotic Isolation refers to factors affecting reproductive success of hybrids 1 Viability The hybrid may have deleterious traits or just be not well adapted to the environment 2 Fertility The hybrid may be viable but may be sterile or unable to reproduce Moritz Lecture 8 Notes page 2 Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 8 March 12 2010 altruism speciation 3 Figure 1 general lineage concept 2010 Christopher Pavia Reproductive isolation increases with the amount of time since the separation of two populations Therefore the general lineage concept focuses on this process to define species as groups that have been reproductively isolated and grown phenotypically divergent across a length of time Figure 2 2010 Craig Moritz Consider the above cladogram Let s examine it with all three species concepts Moritz Lecture 8 Notes page 3 Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 8 March 12 2010 altruism speciation Species Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans 4 of species with each Species Concept BSC PSC 1 1 1 or 2 1 1 or 2 1 1 or 2 1 For each species we can identify them and their sub species phylogenically using molecular analysis of their genome Examining them using a discontinuities species model also returns much the same result However in terms of the biological species concept we don t know whether some of these species are a species There are eastern and western varieties of chimpanzees separated by a river should we still call all chimpanzees a single species Or since they are
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