Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] #1Bio 1B Fall ’05Professor: Thomas CarlsonBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] (enclosed seed)- Pollen- Double fertilization- Triploid endosperm- Ovules in flowers enclosed by carpel- Seeds in fruits enclosed by carpel- Xylem contains vessel elements & fibers- Phloem contains companion cells- Complex leavesBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] of flowering plantsMost species rich group of plants(at least 250,000)Source of most human foodRice, wheat, and cornare fruits of angiospermsBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] in angiosperms- Eucalyptus trees 100s of feet tall- Aquatic duckweed 1 mm in diameter- Epiphytes- Non-photosynthetic parasites- Insectivorous plantsBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] (naked seed) (Figs 30.3, 30.6)Gymnosperm ovules are naked & exposed to air whenthe ovuliferous scales of conifers separate to let pollen inAngiosperms (enclosed seed) (Fig 30.10, 38.7, 38.8, 38.9)Ovules surrounded by sporophytic tissues which create abarrier to outside worldSperm reach eggs via pollen tubes growing throughparental sporophyte tissueBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] fertilization (Fig 30.10, 38.6 Campbell)One sperm fertilizes egg to form zygoteOther sperm joins with two nuclei in themegagametophyte to form triploid (3n) tissue calledendospermThe triploid endosperm becomes the source ofnutrients for the developing embryoBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] Angiosperm Clades(Fig 30.12) (Judd et al., 2002)Basal Families (pollen usually monocolpate)- usually have monocolpate pollen grains with single long grooved aperture- some lack vessels or have primitive vesselsMagnoliid ComplexMonocots (monocolpate pollen)Eudicots (tricolpate pollen)(tricolpate pollen grains have 3 long grooved apertures, each with a central pore)Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] Angiosperm Clades(Fig 30.12)Basal Families = earliest flowering plants(pollen usually monocolpate with one furrow or pore)- Amborellaceae (1 species in New Caledonia & it lacks vessels)- Nymphaeaceae (water lilies, lacking or with primitive vessels)- Illiciaceae (star anise)Magnoliid Complex (select families listed below)- Magnoliaceae (magnolias)- Lauraceae (cinnamon, camphor, California bay laurel)- Piperaceae (black pepper, kava, betel leaf)Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] (Fig 30.12)Usually monocolpate pollen (has one furrow or pore)Floral parts usually in multiples of 3sLeaf venation is usually parallelOne cotyledon in embryo(cotyledon = small leaf of plant embryo that stores nutrients andcan be photosynthetic)First root in cotelydon is short livedStems with scattered vascular bundles& no secondary growthBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] of monocot familiesLiliaceae (lilies)Zingiberaceae (gingers)Dioscoreaceae (yams)Arecaceae (palms e.g., coconut, betel nut)Poaceae (grasses e.g., rice, wheat, corn)Orchidaceae (orchids, vanilla)Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] (Fig 30.12)Tricolpate pollenFloral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5Leaf venation is reticulate or netlikeTwo cotyledons in embryoStems with vascular bundles in circular patternwith secondary growthFirst root of dicot embryo is long-lived & develops intotaproot systemBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] of Eudicot familiesRanunculaceae {basal eudicot family}(buttercups, goldenseal)Papaveraceae (morphine & codeine from opium poppy)Caryophyllaceae (carnations)Vitaceae (grapes)Fabaceae (beans, peas)Brassicaceae(kale, cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower)Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] of Eudicot familiesRosaceae(roses, apples, pears, peaches, almonds, strawberries, raspberries)Cucurbitaceae (pumpkins, squash, cucumbers)Solanaceae (tomato, potato, eggplant, chili pepper, atropine fromAtropa belladonna)Lamiaceae(peppermint, spearmint, catnip, basil…sage, rosemary & thyme)Apiaceae (carrots, anise, celery, fennel)Asteraceae (sunflowers, Echinacea, Calendula)Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] contributes centrally to the development of thediversity in this groupFlowersAdaptations that enhance pollinationTremendously diverse in size, shape, color, fragranceBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] Structure (Fig 30.7, 30.12, 30.13, 38.2, 38.3)Unit for sexual reproduction inangiospermsDeveloped from shoots that have beenmodified for reproductionBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] Parts (Figs 30.7, 30.12, 30.13, 38.2, 38.3)Pedicel = stalk of flowerRecepticle = portion of pedicel to which floral parts areattachedFour kinds of floral appendagesarranged in series of whorls:- Sepals: outer & lowest on axis; usually green- Petals: often large & colorful to attract pollinators- Stamens: male- Carpels: female (inner & highest on axis)Bio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] appendages (Fig 30.7, 30.12, 30.13, 38.2, 38.3)Sepals (collectively the calyx):outer most, lowest appendage, usually greenPetals (collectively the corolla):large and often non-green bright colors(base of petal may contain a nectary which produces thesugar-rich nectar)Perianth: collectively made up of sepals & petalsBio 1B, Fall ’05, Angiosperms, Flower Parts, Pollination, Professor Carlson [email protected] appendages
View Full Document
Unlocking...