1BIO 1B Plant/Fungi Section Fall 2008Instructor Thomas [email protected] Hours:9-10:00 AM on Monday & FridayVLSB 2013• Lectures notes are on the website• All questions on the exam will come from thelecture notes2Week #18/27, 8/29:Prokaryotes (Cyanobacteria, Archaea)Eukaryotes (Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes)Campbell 8th Ed. pp 564-567, 575-598, 600-610, 636-652, 766-767, 796-797Campbell 7th Ed. pp 529-531, 534-548, 549-583, 608-627, 744, 745, 766, 767Campbell 6th Ed. pp 511, 526-544, 545-574,575-589, 616-632, 778-7793Week #29/3, 9/5:Pteridophytes & GymnospermsCampbell 8th Ed. pp 610-615, 618-625Campbell 7th Ed. pp 584-590, 591-597Campbell 6th Ed. pp 589-596, 597-6054Week #39/8, 10, 12: Angiosperm #1Campbell 8th Ed. pp 625-634, 801-815Campbell 7th Ed. pp 598-607, 771-787Campbell 6th Ed. pp 601, 606-615, 783-7955Week # 49/15, 17, 19: Angiosperm #2Campbell 8th Ed. pp 625-634, 801-815Campbell 7th Ed. pp 598-607, 771-787Campbell 6th Ed. pp 601, 606-615, 783-7956Week #59/22, 24, 26, 29:Plant Form and Fluid TransportPlant Nutrition, Hormones, & DefensesCampbell 8th Ed. pp 738-754, 764-767, 772-782, 789-798,185-189Campbell 7th Ed. pp 712-737, 738-755, 756-770, 788-819,181-200Campbell 6th Ed. pp 720-747, 748-766, 795-797, 767-778,802-828, 176-1967Life Cycles Required for Bio1B Plant/Fungi Midterm ExamRequired Life Cycles•Basidiomycete Fungal Life Cycle (Fig 31.19, 31.5)•Clamydomonas (unicellular Green Algae) Life Cycle (Fig 28.22)•Alternation of Generations (Fig 29.5)•Ulva (multicellular Green algae) Life cycle•Laminaria (multicellular Brown algae) Life Cycle (Fig 28.18)•Bryophyte (non-tracheophyte) Moss Life Cycle•Fern (non-seed Tracheophyte) Life Cycle•Pine Gymnosperm Life Cycle (Fig 30.6)•Angiosperm Life Cycle (Fig 30.10, 38.2, 38.3, 38.5, 38.7)8Botany/Fungi Section Foci• “Tree of Life” and phylogenetic relationships• Diversity of basal eukaryotes, algae, land plants,& fungi• Reproduction strategies of organisms withinthese major groups• Anatomy/morphology form & function• Human uses as foods, medicines, fiber, & wood9See the Forest through the Trees:Introduction of the major groupsof organisms based on thephylogenetic relationships10DomainsBacteriaArchaeaEukarya• Algae• Land plants• Fungi• Animals11Three Domains of Living WorldBacteria Archaea EukaryaMajor Groups of Organisms (see Figs 26.22, 27.12, Table 27.2)• Prokaryotes (lack nuclei, organelles, & sexualreproduction)– Bacteria (e.g., cyanobacteria)– Archaea• Eukaryotes (have nuclei, organelles, & sexualreproduction)– protozoans, slime molds, dinoflagellates, water molds,mildew, diatoms, algae– Land Plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms,angiosperms)– Fungi– Animals12Prokaryotes• Photosynthetic cyanobacteria gave earth its first oxygenatmosphere 1.8 billion years ago• Beneficial or pathogenic bacteria in animals & humans• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria & archaea have profound effecton the productivity of natural ecosystems andagroecosystems13Cyanobacteria• Gave Earth its first oxygen atmosphere starting 1.8billion years ago• Possess chlorophyll that is not bounded bymembranes into organelles like chloroplasts• Currently discussed theory on origin of chloroplastsuggests that:– cyanobacteria-type organisms became incorporated intoearly eukaryotes and evolved into chloroplasts (Fig 28.2)14CyanobacteriaSpirulina- spiral shaped- rich source of protein and carotenoids- harvested from lakes in Mexico, Africa, Oregon, &CaliforniaAnabaena15ArchaeaLack peptidoglycan in cell wallsEther-linked branched lipids in cellmembranesLive in conditions of- extreme salinity- low oxygen content- high temperature- high or low acidity16ArchaeaEuryarchaeota (sub-group of Archaea)• obligate anaerobes• some are extreme halophiles (salt lovers) & live in salt brines& the dead sea; contain pink carotenoids which give pink hueto salt brines (27.1)• some are methanogens (produce methane CH4 by reducingCO2)• release 2 billion tons of methane gas in earth’s atmosphere eachyear• 1/3rd of the methane gas is produced in grazing herbivore guts• Methanopyrus lives on ocean bottom near blazing ventsCrenarchaeota (sub-group of Archaea)• thermophilic (Fig 27.17) and acidophilic• Sulfolobus lives in hot sulfur springs171.75 billion years1.75 billion years3.4 billion yearsFossil recordyesnoyesSome have chlorophyllnoyesnoSome are methanogensnoyesyesSome fix nitrogenEster-linked,unbranchedEther-linked,branchedEster-linked,unbranchedMembrane lipidswhen presentCellulose (plants)Chitin (fungi,invertebrates)varies, but withoutpeptidoglycan &muramic acidmost havepeptidoglycanwith muramicacidCell WallyesnonoSexual Reproductionno operons,rarely haveplasmidsyesyesOperons & PlasmidsyesyesnoDNA with histone proteinsnoyesyesCircular chromosoneyesnonoMembrane-boundnucleus & organellesEukaryaArchaeaBacteriaAdapted from Table 27.2 in Campbell, Table 26.1 in Purves, & Table 25.1 in Freeman18Transformation of CO2/other inorganiccarbon sources into sugar:• Bacteria & Archaea: six differentbiochemical pathways• Plants: one biochemical pathway• Animals & Fungi: no pathways19(see Table 27.1)Heterotroph: An organism that requires preformed organicmolecules as foodChemoheterotroph: An organism that must obtain bothcarbon and energy from organic substancesPhotoheterotroph: An organism that obtains energy fromlight but must obtain its carbon from organic substancesAutotroph: An organism that lives exclusively on inorganicmaterials, water, and some energy source such as sunlightChemoautotroph: An organism that uses carbon dioxide(CO2) as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizinginorganic substances from its environmentPhotoautotroph: An organism that obtains energy from lightand carbon from carbon dioxide (CO2)20Saprobe vs ParasiteSaprobe: An organism that obtains itscarbon and energy directly from deadorganic matterParasite: An organism that infects a livingorganism and consumes parts of theorganism. Parasites sometime kill the host.21DomainsBacteriaArchaeaEukarya• Algae• Land plants• Fungi• Animals22Supergroups within Eukarya• Excavata: giardia, trichomonas, trypanosoma,leishmania• Chromalveolata: dinoflagellates, plasmodium,toxoplasma, diatoms, golden algae, brownalgae, water molds, powdery mildews• Archaeplastids: red algae, green algae, landplants• Rhizaria:• Unikonta: amoebozoa (plasmodial and cellularslime molds), fungi,
View Full Document
Unlocking...