Human EvolutionSaturday, October 30, 2010Human Evolutionfrom the Perspective of a Non-Human PrimateSaturday, October 30, 2010OutlineWhere in the Tree of Life do humans fit?Humans are strange apesReview high lights of fossil recordOut-of-Africa hypothesisSaturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataYou are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataUniversal Genetic CodeEukaryotic Cell9 + 2 FlagellumBlastula stagePhyrangeal gillslit, notochordYou are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaYou are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaVertebraeJawsOssified bonesMuscularized finsLimbsYou are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaYou are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaEgg with aminiotic fluid andmembraneDentary-squamosal jaw,hairViviparyYou are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Murphy et al. (2001)You are HereSaturday, October 30, 2010Humans are apes:Absence of a tailMore erect postureRelatively larger brainsGreater flexibility in hips and anklesLots of molecular evidenceSaturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Humans: 23 pair of chromosomesChimps & Gorillas: 24 pairs of chromosomesSaturday, October 30, 2010C-HG-HC-GNoncoding intergenic1.24%1.62%1.63%Intronic0.931.231.21Pseudogenes1.641.872.14X chromosome1.161.471.50Y chromosome1.682.332.78Coding Sequences: Synonymous1.111.481.64 Nonsynonymous0.800.930.90 Amino acid1.341.581.65Saturday, October 30, 2010Humans are strange apesBipedalLarge brainsLess body hairLess sexual dimorphismTe chn ologySaturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010HominidsSaturday, October 30, 2010?Saturday, October 30, 2010mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 mya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedmya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myaAnatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedmya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myaAnatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedNeanderthals go extinct30 kyamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myaAnatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedNeanderthals go extinct30 kyaWestern Hemisphere colonized; Darwin visitsGalapagos; Homo sapiens threatens global diversity...After that...mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoSaturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010ArdipithecusSaturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Saturday, October 30, 2010Evidence thatArdi walked bipedallyShape of upper pelvis: The shape and muscle attachments are more like latter hominids, and not like the chimp.Shape of lateral foot: Metatarsals 2 and 3 are “propulsive” because the hallux are divergent. The “ATV” foot.Shortened cranial
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