Human Evolution1Human Evolutionfrom the perspective of a non-human primate2Outline•Where in the Tree of Life do humans fit?•Humans are strange apes•Review high lights of fossil record•Out-of-Africa hypothesis3Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataUniversal Genetic Code4Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataEukaryotic Cell5Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata9 + 2 Flagellum6Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebratablastula stageembryo7Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataPhyrangeal gillslit, notochord,post anal tail8Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaVertebrae9Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaJaws10Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaOssified bones11Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaMuscularized fins with bony patternsimilar to tetrapod limbs12Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaLimbs13Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaEgg with aminiotic fluid andmembrane14Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaDentary-squamosal jawjoint, hair15Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaLoss of anteriorcoracoid, vivipary,astragular neck16Murphy et al. (2001)1718Humans are apes:•absence of a tail•more erect posture•relatively larger brains•greater flexibility in hips and ankles•lots of molecular evidence192021Humans: 23 pair of chromosomesChimps & Gorillas: 24 pairs of chromosomes22C-HG-HC-GNoncoding intergenic1.24%1.62%1.63%Intronic0.931.231.21Pseudogenes1.641.872.14X chromosome1.161.471.50Y chromosome1.682.332.78Coding Sequences: Synonymous1.111.481.64 Nonsynonymous0.800.930.90 Amino acid divergence1.341.581.6523Humans are strange apes•Bipedal•Large brains•Less body hair•Less sexual dimorphism•Technology2425Hominids26?27282930313233343536373839Evidence that Ardi walked bipedally•Shape of upper pelvis: The shape and muscle attachments are more like later hominids, and not like the chimp.•Shape of lateral foot: Metatarsals 2 and 3 are “propulsive” because the hallux are divergent. The “ATV” foot.•Shortened cranial base, which is usually associated with bipedality, though not necessary for it. Ardi’s is even shorter than many later Australopithecus.40Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”Found in 1974about 3 mya4142434445Laetoli footprints (about 3.6 mya)4647Homo traits•larger brain (> 500 cc)•smaller and flatter face•smaller teeth and jaws•greater height•longer legs•less sexual dimorphism48Homo ergasterabout 1.7 - 1.5 myaKenya49Homo habilisabout 1.9 myaKenya50Homo rudolfensis1.8 - 1.9 myaKenyacontemporaneous with H. habilis51Homo erectus1.7 - 0.25 mya5253Final Thoughts54You can choose any major and still be a candidate for medical school55Pre-med: Preparatory courses are mostly lower division, yet it is wise to take at least 1-2 upper division quantitative/analytical biology courses. !Examples of the "upper division quantitative, analytical" courses are: !genetics, ecology, physiology, cell/developmental bio, neurobiology, etc.!(and would not include Human Anatomy, for instance). !Most students at Cal take:Chem 1A, Chem 3A/L, Chem 3B/LOne year of Calculus (either 16A-B or 1A-B)Bio 1B, Bio1A/LPhysics 8A, 8BMCB102 or MCB c100ASome kind of upper division quantitative/analytical. A course in Statistics (Stats 2, 20, 21, 25 or 131A are all OK at Cal) is recommended, as some med schools require it. Research experience (lab, field, on- or off-campus) is very helpful, and community service or teaching/leading is also critical for your communication skills. Speaking multiple languages is highly recommended.565758596061626364Go Bears!
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