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Berkeley BIOLOGY 1B - Lecture Notes

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1Bio1B EVOLUTIONCraig Moritz IB/MVZ, VLSB 3101Office hours: M 9-10; W [email protected]• Relevance & History (L1)• Tree of life & phylogeny (L2)• Mechanisms of evolution (L3-6)• Sex & its evolutionary implications (L6-7)• Species and how they arise (L8-9)• Evidence from fossils - macroevolution (L10)• The evolution of novelties (L11)• Human evolution and medicine (L12-13)2Why does evolution matter?• Understanding our own species– Origins, variation, health => evolutionary medicine• The arms race with pathogens– Antibiotic resistance; HIV control etc.• …. and insect pests of agriculture– Insecticide resistance• Saving biodiversity on a rapidly changing planet– Invasive species– Overharvesting– Habitat loss & climate changeLE 22-13Patient No. 3Patient No. 2Patient No. 1100755025002 4681012WeeksPercent of HIV resistant to 3TCPenicillin:Discovered: 1929 (Fleming)Mass production: 1943Resistance appears: 1947(Staphylococcus aureus)4Development of the theory of evolutionAristotle (384-322 BC)• Species fixed, scala naturaeLinnaeus (1707-78)• Hierarchical classification -binomial systemMutability of species• Lamarck, E. DarwinGeological change• Hutton, Lyell (uniformitarianism)Fossil record, extinction• CuvierBiogeography• Humboldt, de CandollePopulation pressure• MalthusFig 1.14Linnaean hierarchyLE 22-2Linnaeus (classification)Hutton (gradual geologic change)Lamarck (species can change)Malthus (population limits)Cuvier (fossils, extinction)Lyell (modern geology)Darwin (evolution, natural selection)Mendel (inheritance)Wallace (evolution, natural selection)French RevolutionU.S. Civil War1900185018001750American Revolution1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution.1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.1831–1936 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species.1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species.1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin.1859 The Origin of Species is published.1865Mendel publishes inheritance papers.6Early influencesHenslow- nat histSedgwick -GeologyCharles Lyell -geology,uniformitarianismHumboldt -explorer,biogeography7The Voyage of the Beagle• Mapping coastlines• Capt. Robert Fitzroy• Darwin as 22 yr oldcompanion naturalist• Dec 17 1831 - Oct 1836• 28m x 7m - 74 people• Darwin’s cabin: 11ftwide, with 6.5 ft charttable; shared.– compare to your dorm?Replica @ Down House with Darwin hologram!8Darwin’smockingbirdsFig. 1-23Largeground finchLarge cactusground finchSharp-beakedground finchGeospizamagnirostrisGeospizaconirostrisMediumground finchGeospizafuliginosaSmallground finchWoodpecker finchCamarhynchuspsittaculaLarge tree finchMedium tree finchCactusground finchGeospizadifficilisCactus flowereatersGeospizascandensSeed eaterGround finchesSeed eatersTree finchesCommon ancestor fromSouth American mainlandInsect eatersBud eaterWarbler finchesMangrove finchGeospizafortisCactospizapallidaSmall tree finchCamarhynchuspauperCamarhynchusparvulusGreenwarblerfinchGraywarblerfinchCerthideaolivaceaCerthideafuscaVegetarianfinchPlatyspizacrassirostrisCactospizaheliobatesThe amazingvariety ofDarwin’sfinches - 14“species”descendedfrom acommonancestor10And then there was Alfred R.Wallace… (1823 - 1913)Professional collector - trained in nathist, geology, surveyingAmazon: 1848-52 (most collection lost)SE Asian islands: 1954-62 (“Wallace’sline”)Sarawak law (1855) “Every species hascome to existence coincident both intime and space with a pre-existing,closely related allied species”(1858) “On the Tendency of Varieties toDepart Indefinitely From the OriginalType” - evolution by natural selection11Descent withmodificationThe only figure in “Origin of the species”time12The Darwin-Wallace principleof Natural selection• Individuals within a population vary for one ormore characteristics (traits)• Traits are (to some extent) inherited byoffspring from their parents• More offspring are produced than can survive=> those with traits that improvesurvival/reproduction leave more offspring=> these favorable traits will accumulate in thepopulation over


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Berkeley BIOLOGY 1B - Lecture Notes

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