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Berkeley BIOLOGY 1B - Power 12 Review

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1• Observations– The only way truly new information is acquired– Good natural history– Consistent long term monitoring– Nowadays: Advanced mapping, sensing, and tracing technologies• Experiments– Field or laboratory, replicated manipulated treatments with controls– Whole ecosystem experiments (lake fertilization and acidification, p.1205, Fig. 54.8 in Campbell); Hubbard Brook deforestation• Models– verbal or mathematical simplifications of reality, intended to capturekey processes that change systems over time– Hypotheses: suggested explanations, subject to test (falsifiable)2Patterns that demandexplanation:Marine intertidal ‘grazinghalos’(photos by Wayne Sousa)3Deduction (predictingspecific outcomes fromgeneral models)Induction (generalizing fromspecific observations tomore general models)Models, hypothesesTests: observations or experiments4Meadow food web response to doubled rainfall andchanged seasonal timing5Tools for dealing with ecological variability:• Replicates are separate (independent) units of studythat are treated identically by ecologists, in order toassess variability that arises from factors we didn’tmanipulate• Controls are unmanipulated units that provide a baselinefor comparison, an understanding of how organisms orsystems will change over space or time, independent ofexperimental treatments• Statistics tools for distinguishing signal from noise, e.g.,test whether differences between treatments (e.g.,control vs experimental) are greater than differenceswithin treatments6These factors set up global moisture patterns:Wet tropics around equatorDeserts at 30 o N, S latitudesTemperate rain forests at 60 o N, S, latitudesAntarctic and artic deserts at polesFig 50.25Campbell7Earthrotates westto eastCoriolis effect: Earth is asphere, not a cylinder. Anobject at equator is moving eastat 24,000 miles per day. If itmoves north, the earth beneathmoves more slowly, so it veersright. If it moves from northtowards equator, also goes right.Reverse is true in southernhemisphere.Return flowis the GulfStreamNortheasttrade windspile theAtlanticagainstCentralAmerica8How do conditionsand resourcesinfluence thedistribution andabundance oforganisms?9Resources, conditions, andthe fundamental niche• What determines the distribution andabundance of species?– In part, their tolerance of conditions,and their need for certain resources*condition: abiotic environmental factor thatvaries in space and time and affects theperformance of organism**resource: all things consumed (used up) byorganisms (space, nutrients, water, prey, holesfor refuge, etc)10How do conditionsand resourcesinfluence thedistribution andabundance oforganisms?11••Niche: Range of conditions, resource levels, andNiche: Range of conditions, resource levels, anddensities of other species within which an organism ordensities of other species within which an organism orspecies can survive and reproduce (persist over time).species can survive and reproduce (persist over time).(An N-dimensional (An N-dimensional hypervolumehypervolume, if each condition,, if each condition,resource, or other species seen as a dimensionresource, or other species seen as a dimension(Hutchinson))(Hutchinson))––Fundamental Niche: the largest niche in which a speciesFundamental Niche: the largest niche in which a speciescould persist in the absence of adverse interactions withcould persist in the absence of adverse interactions withother speciesother species––Realized Niche: the (generally smaller) niche volumeRealized Niche: the (generally smaller) niche volumeoccupied by a species in the presence of occupied by a species in the presence of interspecificinterspecificinteractionsinteractions12TemperatureSalinityFresh 0 pptSalt, 30 pptRealized Nichewith gill parasite, tolerates narrower range of conditionsWithoutparasiteRealized sticklebackniche if gill parasite ispresent.H1. Gills damaged so can’tosmoregulate as wellH2. Parasites take energy, soless to spend onosmoregulation13Predictor variable(s): e.g., PARResponse variableooooooooN hot spot?Grazing hot spot?Prediction*ObservationpresentabsentpresentabsentSufficient resourceTolerable conditionsDispersallimitation?Enemies?SubsidiesSinksRelicts?InsufficientresourcesIntolerableconditions14Definitions:Relict population: Residual populationleft over from time when environmentcould support its survival andreproduction, which can no longerreplace itself locallySink habitat: Habitat where deathrates exceed birth rates, and organismsare present only because of immigrationfrom Source Habitats (where birthsexceed deaths)Resource subsidy: Resources producedin one habitat that support consumers ina second habitat.Beach wrack (seaweed detritus)Spotted owl(Barred owl)Sequoiaredwoods15Currencies: energy, nutrients, timegrowth maintenanceactivityReproduction:offspring qualityoffspring quantityAllocation?unitarymodularLife history Tradeoffs16Northern range expansionof small mouth bass andyellow perch predictedbased on predictedclimate warming scenarios.The bottleneckbottleneck for bothfish is whether the youngof the year can grow largeenough to survive theirfirst winter.Current rangeNew northern limit with high foodNew northern limit with low foodWhere starvation presentlyaffects bass populationbassperchNowLow foodHigh food1718Campbell, Fig. 52.11K = carryingcapacity ofpopulation in agivenenvironmentK depends onboth theenvironmentand theorganism inquestion19Campbell, Fig. 52.13--density dependence in per capita birthand death rates (due to intraspecific (within species) competition(mutually adverse interaction))Per capita = per individual birth or death rates20overshootTerritorialitycan producethis type ofpopulationgrowthDensityindependentfactors?21NTimeChange in limitingfactorPeriod oflooserregulatione.g. speed limit, versusregulation by enforcementof minimum and maximumspeed22r* vs K* selected life history traits• r-selected traits– Short life span– Small size– High predatorvulnerability– Weak competitor– Good disperser– Many smalloffspring– Early reproduction• K-selected traits– Long life span– Large size– Low vulnerability topredators– Strong competitor– Slower disperser– Fewer but betterprovisioned offspring– Late reproduction2353.1 53.124Functionaldefinitions:25Balanus’ upper limit determined by physical stress;Chthamalus’ lower limit determined by competitionwith Balanus263 Types of Competition (-,-)•


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Berkeley BIOLOGY 1B - Power 12 Review

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