Office Hours:Today 10:00–11:00AMWednesday, October 26, 11Human EvolutionWednesday, October 26, 11Human Evolutionfrom the Perspective of a Non-Human PrimateWednesday, October 26, 11OutlineWhere in the Tree of Life do humans fit?Humans are strange apesReview highlights of fossil recordOut-of-Africa hypothesisWednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataYou are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian VertebrataUniversal Genetic CodeEukaryotic Cell9 + 2 FlagellumBlastula stagePhyrangeal gillslit, notochordYou are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaYou are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog AmniotaVertebraeJawsOssified bonesMuscularized finsLimbsYou are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaYou are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo EutheriaEgg with aminiotic fluid andmembraneDentary-squamosal jaw,hairViviparyYou are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Murphy et al. (2001)You are HereWednesday, October 26, 11Humans are apes:Absence of a tailMore erect postureRelatively larger brainsGreater flexibility in hips and anklesLots of molecular evidenceWednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Humans: 23 pair of chromosomesChimps & Gorillas: 24 pairs of chromosomesWednesday, October 26, 11C-HG-HC-GNoncoding intergenic1.24%1.62%1.63%Intronic0.931.231.21Pseudogenes1.641.872.14X chromosome1.161.471.50Y chromosome1.682.332.78Coding Sequences: Synonymous1.111.481.64 Nonsynonymous0.800.930.90 Amino acid1.341.581.65Wednesday, October 26, 11Humans are strange apesBipedalLarge brainsLess body hairLess sexual dimorphismTe chn ologyWednesday, October 26, 11Bipedalism → Large Brains → Less Sexual DimorphismBipedalism → Less Sexual Dimorphism → Large BrainsLarge Brains → Bipedalism → Less Sexual DimorphismLarge Brains → Less Sexual Dimorphism → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Large Brains → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Bipedalism → Large BrainsWednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11HominidsWednesday, October 26, 11?Wednesday, October 26, 11?Wednesday, October 26, 11mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 mya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedmya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myaAnatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedmya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myaAnatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedNeanderthals go extinct30 kyamya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ myaLast common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ myaAdaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 myaHomo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 myaFirst expansion from Africa>1.8 myaAnatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kyaNeanderthal clade establishedNeanderthals go extinct30 kyaWestern Hemisphere colonized; Darwin visitsGalapagos; Homo sapiens threatens global diversity...After that...mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11ArdipithecusWednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday, October 26, 11Wednesday,
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