1 Bio1B EVOLUTION Craig Moritz IB/MVZ, VLSB 3101 Office hours: M 9-10; W 9-10 [email protected] • Relevance & History (L1) • Tree of life & phylogeny (L2) • Mechanisms of evolution (L3-6) • Sex & its evolutionary implications (L6-7) • Species and how they arise (L8-9) • Evidence from fossils - macroevolution (L10) • The evolution of novelties (L11) • Human evolution and medicine (L12-13) Why does evolution matter? • Understanding our own species – Origins, variation, health => evolutionary medicine • The arms race with pathogens – Antibiotic resistance; HIV control etc. • …. and insect pests of agriculture – Insecticide resistance • Saving biodiversity on a rapidly changing planet – Invasive species – Overharvesting – Habitat loss & climate change LE 22-13 Patient No. 3 Patient No. 2 Patient No. 1 100 75 50 25 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Weeks Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC Penicillin: Discovered: 1929 (Fleming) Mass production: 1943 Resistance appears: 1947 (Staphylococcus aureus)2 Development of the theory of evolution Aristotle (384-322 BC) • Species fixed, scala naturae Linnaeus (1707-78) • Hierarchical classification - binomial system Mutability of species • Lamarck, E. Darwin Geological change • Hutton, Lyell Fossil record, extinction • Cuvier Biogeography • Humboldt, de Candolle Population pressure • Malthus Fig 1.14 Linnaean hierarchy Evolution: an evolving science (Fig. 15.2) Early influences Henslow - nat hist Sedgwick - Geology Charles Lyell - geology, uniformitarianism Humboldt - explorer, biogeography3 The Voyage of the Beagle • Mapping coastlines • Capt. Robert Fitzroy • Darwin as 22 yr old companion naturalist • Dec 17 1831 - Oct 1836 • 28m x 7m - 74 people • Darwin’s cabin: 11ft wide, with 6.5 ft chart table; shared. – compare to your dorm? Replica @ Down House with Darwin hologram! Darwin’s mockingbirds The amazing variety of “Darwin’s finches” from the Galapagos (Fig. 17.7 in text)4 And then there was Alfred R. Wallace… (1823 - 1913) Professional collector - trained in nat hist, geology, surveying Amazon: 1848-52 (most collection lost) SE Asian islands: 1954-62 (“Wallace’s line”) Sarawak law (1855) “Every species has come to existence coincident both in time and space with a pre-existing, closely related allied species” (1858) “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type” - evolution by natural selection Descent with modification The only figure in “Origin of the species” time The Darwin-Wallace principle of Natural selection • Individuals within a population vary for one or more characteristics (traits) • Traits are (to some extent) inherited by offspring from their parents • More offspring are produced than can survive => those with traits that improve survival/reproduction leave more offspring => these favorable traits will accumulate in the population over
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