1Exam questions for my section willbe based on LECTURE material, nottext except where I’ve used textfigures or tables in lecture.• http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/bio1b/mcq%20tips.pdf• Alfred North Whitehead told us to seeksimplicity and– A. mistrust it– B. embrace it– C. further simplify it– D. use it to forecast ecological change– E. complicate it2More example questions• In ecological experiments, replicates areNOT– A. separate (independent) units of study– B. treated as identically as possible by ecologists– C. used to assess variability that arises from factors wedidn’t manipulate– D. unmanipulated units used to assess how results areaffected by changes over space and time that we did notmanipulate– E. used to assess variability that arises from factors wedidn’t manipulate3• In ecological experiments, replicates are NOT– A. separate (independent) units of study– B. treated as identically as possible by ecologists– C. used to assess variability that arises from factors we didn’tmanipulate– D. unmanipulated units used to assess how results areaffected by changes over space and time that we did notmanipulate– E. used to assess variability that arises from factors we didn’tmanipulate4• The earth’s major terrestrial biomes (ascharacterized by their dominant vegetation) aremost clearly separated by– A. pH and temperature– B. Precipitation and nutrient availability– C. salinity and oxygen concentration– D. Temperature and precipitation– E. Nutrient availability and soil pH5Habitats, resources,conditions, and niches6Rain shadows and Mediterranean climates (e.g. California): ifthe land is warmer than the ocean, moisture in marine air isnot dropped until adiabatic cooling over mountains) !summer droughtIf land cooler than ocean, moisture is dropped ! winter rainsRain shadowEastern SierraWater ends up in lakes, rivers, or ground water…7Lake temperature and mixing regimes: water is densest at4oC ! winter and summer stratification, spring and falloverturn.Thermocline = stratum of rapid temperature change. Canseparate oxygenated from hypoxic habitat.Mixingreplenishesnutrientsfor algae inphotic zone8Eutrophic (river, lake estuary): nutrient rich, likely toproduce noxious or harmful algal blooms (cyanobacteria, toxicdinoflagellates)Mesotrophic – intermediate nutrient concentrationsOligotrophic – low nutrient concentrations, very clear water(“good” water quality for humans and fish)Easier for wind tostir nutrients inshallow basin,making such lakesvulnerable toeutrophicationDavid Schindler’s experimental lakes9River networks• Downstream (concentrative)fluxes of water, sediment,solutes, detritus, and passiveorganisms• Upstream and upslope(dispersive) backflows ofmobile organisms• Systematic downstreamincreases in discharge, solarradiation, and changes insediment size, habitatstructure, and disturbanceregimes• Confluence nodes– pulses of enrichment– adjacency of contrastinghabitats (refuges)10Rivers in drainage networks• Headwaters:– woody debris– forest cover• Meandering middle reaches– clean gravel beds; hyporheic(under the stream bed)habitat– undercut rooted bankvegetation– off river habitat• Lowland floodplain rivers– floodplain marshes or forests– off channel water bodiesA < 5 km21112Camille McNeely, downstreamchanges in energy sources to grazers13Terrestrialdetrital carbon,e.g. dead leavesthat fall intostreamsAttachedalgaeFine particulatedetritus* andphytoplanktonDetritus = dead organic matterEnergy(carbon)sources changedownstream(River ContinuumConcept, Vannoteet al. 1980)14Estuary: whererivers empty intooceans, fresh water(0 % salt) meetssalt water (3 %salt): tidal prismswith heavier saltywater underneathImportant nurseries foroffshore fisheriesTidal prism—wedge offresh water overlies densersalt water1516Neritic: nearshore subtidalBenthos: life on substrate orbed of sea, lake, spring, orrivers and streamsPlankton: passive driftersNekton: active swimmerszooplanktonphytoplankton17PelagicOffshore, beyondContinental ShelfStructure? Cover?
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