Urinary System 20 04 2010 18 18 00 Functions Excretory Eliminates organic waste products urea uric acid Maintains solute composition and concentration in blood by controlling qualitities lost in urine o Na o K o Acl o Ca2 o Others Blood volume and pressure acid base balance blood ph etc Kidney Reddish because highly vascularized Has adrenal gland superior Renal capsule preserve shapes of the kidney Adipose capsule prephenal fat o Cushions Renal fascia support the shape Peritoneum Renal Hilum o Entrance and exit point of the kidney Renal sinus o Cavity inside kidney Renal cortex o Outer region Renal pyramid o 6 18 of them o base faces cortex o apex faces sinus calyces o major and minor renal artery passes through hilum and then branches segmental artery interlobar artery arculate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole efferent arteriole nephron o basic unit renal tubule o renal corpuscle glomerulus capillary knot bowman s capsule epithelium afferent podocytes foot processes o proximal convolued tubule o loop of henle descending limb ascending limb has thick and thin segments reabsorbs very permeable to water and impermeable to solutes urine becomes very concentrated 25 of water sodium chloride o distal convulted tubule actively secretes ions other materials reabsorbs sodium and calcium ions water concentrates fluid PTH ADH Aldosterone o collecting system connecting tubule collecting duct papillary duct transports urine to minor calyces adjusts osmotic concentrations and volumes ADH aldosterone filtration apparatus o fenestrated capillaries ultrafiltrate o filtrate consists of organic wastes and lots of others juxtaglomerular apparatus o macula densa cells monitor electrolytes in tubular fluid sodium and chloride o juxtaglomerular cells specialized cells of the afferent arterioles near distal convoluted tubule secretes rennin respond to blood pressure erythropoetien innervtion o renal nerves o sympathetic innervation regulates glomerular blood flow renal failure o one normal kidney can adequately filter the blood o but need to limit fluid salt and protein intake o hemodialysis process to artificially filter the blood shunt rubber tube into an artery and vein forearm lower leg artery machine filtration vein creates a dialysis o kidney transplant donor kidney is implanted in the pelvis or lower abdominal cavity receives arterial graft from iliac artery or abdominal aorta 85 95 success rate ureters urine is no longer modified from major minor calyces exit out out hilum dump into the bladder kidney stones renal calculi o calcium deposits magnesium salts uric acid crystals o con be dislodged with persistalsis and fluid pressure passing a stone surgical removal or lithotripter bladder hollow muscular organ storage reservoir for urine internal structure o trigone o neck o rugae muscular folds destrusor muscles o smooth muscle o contraction compresses bladder and pushes urine out internal urethral sphincter o smooth muscle urethra male o neck of urinary bladder o three regions prostatic membranous penile o external urethral sphincter skeletal muscle female o neck of urinary bladder o short o ends in external urethral meatus o external urethral sphincter skeletal muscle UTI Bacteria or fungi colonize the urinary tract o E coli intestinal bacteria Females close promimity or uretra and rectum Sexual intercourse Bacteria blood in urine Dysuria frequent urge to urinate o Painful urination Mictation Reflex and urination Process of Changes with age Decreased numbers of nephrons Decreased filtrtion rate Insensitive to ADH Alterations to the micturation process 20 04 2010 18 18 00 20 04 2010 18 18 00
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