Robert Hooke- early microscopists in 1665 discovered the cell by shaving a piece of cork and named itUsed a simple microscope- made the microscope by handAnton van Leeuwenhoek- first person to see living cells through algae from pond waterLater observations lead to the idea that all living things have cellsMatthais Schleiden (1804- 1881)- a botanist (looked at plant cells)Theodore Schwaan (1810-1882)- a physiologist (looked at animal cells)Over a couple bottles of wine realized that both cells had nucleusCell theoryAll organisms are composed of one or more cellsCells are only produced by the division of pre-existing cellsCells are the smallest units that perform all vital functionsRudolf Virchow- a physician (studied human tissues) studied pathologyCame to conclusion that all living thing are composed from cellsTwo types of cellsSex cells- germ cells that are derived from the testis or ovarySomatic cells- all other kinds of cellsLight microscopic (compound microscope)Uses a visible light sourceSome sort of glass (a mirror?)Can magnify 1000xElectron MicroscopeMetal cylinder has a vacuumHigh power of current that displays the electronsSpecimen is extremely thin and in something really hard like plastic so it doesn’t vaporize awayCooling apparatus the reduce the heatCan magnify 100,000xCell environmentPlasmalemma- thin membrane that separates the extracellular space from the insidePhosolipid bilayer- heads on the outside (hydrophilic) and tails on the inside (hydrophobicCytoplasm- fluid medium inside the cellExtracellular fluid- cationsMembrane has two proteinIntegral proteins- through the membranePeripheral proteins- either inside or outside the membranePermeability- the membrane controls what goes through and what doesn’tSome just pores that let all throughSome are specific and only let some throughInvolveds both active and passive processesPassive transpirtNo energry needed to completeSimple diffusionGoes from high concentration to low concentrationOsmosisSame as diffusion but in waterfiltrationFacilitated diffusionActive transportEnergy needed in form of ATPIndependent of concentration gradientsInvolves transporter protein or carrier (linked to an ATP motor)EndocytosisBrings ECF into cell with a vescilePinoctosis- fluidsPhagocytosis- engulfs foreign bodies into cell to break down and then remove by exocytosisReceptor mediated endocytosisHas coated vesicle and meet and fuse with a lysosomeUses what is needed and removes the restNeeds lignandsExocytosis- removing ECF from the cellCytoplasm- combo if ICF (cytosol) limited by the plasma membrane.. look it up has organellesTwo types of organellesNonmembraneous organellesCytoskeleton elementForm and structure of the cellMicrofilamentsActinAnchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of plasma membraneMicrotubuluesHollow tubes that give shape but help with movementIntermediate filamentsStabilize position of organelleMicrovilliFinger like processes all the same lengthIncrease surface area involved in absorptionContain actinBelow glycoccyxCeliaBeat to move material over surface of the cell (not move the actual cell)Not dense but longer in length9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules (9 along the edge and two microtubules in the center)CentriolesImportant in cell divisionOrganize tubules to exert traction on the chromosomeComposed of nine sets of three microtubulesCan kill cancer by destroying microtubulesFlagellumLike cilia but longer and move powerfulMakes the cell mobile not the fluid it9+2 arrangementRibosomesComposed of RNAPrimary site of protein synthesisExist in two formsFixed- on RERFree- in cytoplasma in a string-like formationPolyribosomes used to make protein inside the cellRER makes protein intended for use outside the cellRER must pass through golgi apparatus before released by exocytosisMembrane-bound organellesSurrounded by lipid membraneIsolated from cytosolMitochondriaDouble membrane one within the otherOuter is smooth like balloonInner has cristaeHas little bumps (enzymes)Makes ATP (95%)Same cells have same number of mitochondriaCan migrate from one cell to anotherHave own DNA can increase their own division and make their own proteins with their own ribosomesEvolved from symbiotic relationshipOnly not present in RBC ad terminal skin cellsNucleusHas nuclear membrane- associated with ER (rough or smooth) for easy transfer and protein productionNuclear poresControl what proteins are made and in what quantitiesOnly present in eukaryotic cells not bacteriaTwo operationsTranscription- use DNA to make mRNATranslation- mRNA move to cytoplasm to synthesize new proteinsEndoplasmic ReticulumCisternae- tube like chambersRER- have ribosomes attachedProtein secreting cellsSER- no ribosomes attachedMake cholesterol or steroid compoundsSynthesis, storage, transport, and detoxGolgi ApparatusNever have ribosome and curved but look like ERHave transport vesicles on forming (cis) face (closer to ER)Transport from ER to GAAnd secretory vesicles on maturing (trans) face facing the edge of cellTransport from GA to membrane through exocytosisFunctionsPackage material for lysosomesCreate membrane segmentsForm secretory vesiclesLysosomesPrimary- formed at GA and contain inactive enzymesSecondary- when lysosomes reacts with something brought in by endocytosis and the excess is released by exocytosisCan recycle organellesIntercellular attachmentsOccluding junctionsZonula occludensTight seal blocks h20 or other substances b/w cellsAnchoring junctionsZonula adherensSheet like junctions that are linearBw epithelial cellsactinMacula adherensMore of a spot weld b/w cells (desmosome)Like a button- reinforce with metwork of intermediate filamentsCommunicating junctionsGap junctions (electrical or nexus junctions)Prevent direct passage os signaling molecules (ions) b/w cellsNarrow channels connet adjacent cellsConnect at connection either closed or openOften combo all intercellular attachementsThe Cell Ch. 2 14/01/2010 19:08:00← Robert Hooke- early microscopists in 1665 discovered the cell by shaving a piece of cork and named it- Used a simple microscope- made the microscope by hand← Anton van Leeuwenhoek- first person to see living cells through algae from pond water- Later observations lead to the idea that all living things have cells← Matthais Schleiden (1804- 1881)- a botanist (looked at plant cells)← Theodore Schwaan (1810-1882)- a physiologist (looked at animal cells)- Over a couple bottles of wine realized that both cells had nucleus←