FunctionsExcretoryEliminates organic waste products (urea, uric acid)Maintains solute composition and concentration in blood by controlling qualitities lost in urineNaKAclCa2+OthersBlood volume and pressure, acid/base balance (blood ph), etcKidneyReddish- because highly vascularizedHas adrenal gland superiorRenal capsule- preserve shapes of the kidneyAdipose capsule- prephenal fatCushionsRenal fascia- support the shapePeritoneumRenal HilumEntrance and exit point of the kidneyRenal sinusCavity inside kidneyRenal cortexOuter regionRenal pyramid6-18 of thembase faces cortexapex faces sinuscalycesmajor and minorrenal artery- passes through hilum and then branchessegmental arteryinterlobar arteryarculate arteryinterlobular arteryafferent arterioleefferent arteriolenephronbasic unitrenal tubulerenal corpuscleglomerulus- capillary knotbowman’s capsuleepitheliumafferentpodocytesfoot processesproximal convolued tubuleloop of henledescending limbascending limbhas thick and thin segmentsreabsorbsvery permeable to water and impermeable to solutesurine becomes very concentrated25% of watersodiumchloridedistal convulted tubuleactively secretes ions other materialsreabsorbssodium and calcium ionswaterconcentrates fluidPTH, ADH, Aldosteronecollecting systemconnecting tubulecollecting ductpapillary ducttransports urine to minor calycesadjusts osmotic concentrations and volumesADH, aldosteronefiltration apparatusfenestrated capillariesultrafiltratefiltrate consists oforganic wastes, and lots of othersjuxtaglomerular apparatusmacula densacells monitor electrolytes in tubular fluid: sodium and chloridejuxtaglomerular cellsspecialized cells of the afferent arteriolesnear distal convoluted tubulesecretesrennin- respond to blood pressureerythropoetien-innervtionrenal nervessympathetic innervationregulates glomerular blood flowrenal failureone normal kidney can adequately filter the bloodbut need to limit fluid, salt, and protein intakehemodialysis: process to artificially filter the bloodshunt: rubber tube into an artery and veinforearm/ lower legartery-machine (filtration)- veincreates a dialysiskidney transplantdonor kidney is implanted in the pelvis or lower abdominal cavityreceives arterial graft from iliac artery or abdominal aorta85-95% success rateuretersurine is no longer modifiedfrom major/minor calycesexit out out hilumdump into the bladderkidney stonesrenal calculicalcium deposits, magnesium salts, uric acid crystalscon be dislodged with persistalsis and fluid pressure“passing a stone”surgical removal or lithotripterbladderhollow muscular organstorage reservoir for urineinternal structuretrigoneneckrugae- muscular foldsdestrusor musclessmooth musclecontraction compresses bladder and pushes urine outinternal urethral sphinctersmooth muscleurethramaleneck of urinary bladderthree regionsprostaticmembranouspenileexternal urethral sphincterskeletal musclefemaleneck of urinary bladdershortends in external urethral meatusexternal urethral sphincterskeletal muscleUTIBacteria or fungi colonize the urinary tractE. coli: intestinal bacteriaFemales: close promimity or uretra and rectumSexual intercourseBacteria/blood in urineDysuria- frequent urge to urinatePainful urinationMictation Reflex and urinationProcess ofChanges with ageDecreased numbers of nephronsDecreased filtrtion rateInsensitive to ADHAlterations to the micturation processUrinary System 20/04/2010 18:18:00← Functions- Excretory- Eliminates organic waste products (urea, uric acid)- Maintains solute composition and concentration in blood by controlling qualitities lost in urineoNaoKoAcloCa2+oOthers- Blood volume and pressure, acid/base balance (blood ph), etc← Kidney- Reddish- because highly vascularized- Has adrenal gland superior- Renal capsule- preserve shapes of the kidney- Adipose capsule- prephenal fatoCushions- Renal fascia- support the shape- Peritoneum- Renal HilumoEntrance and exit point of the kidney- Renal sinusoCavity inside kidney- Renal cortexoOuter region- Renal pyramido6-18 of themobase faces cortexoapex faces sinus- calycesomajor and minor- renal artery- passes through hilum and then branches - segmental artery- interlobar artery- arculate artery- interlobular artery- afferent arteriole- efferent arteriole- nephronobasic unitrenal tubuleorenal corpuscleglomerulus- capillary knotbowman’s capsuleepitheliumafferent podocytesfoot processesoproximal convolued tubuleoloop of henledescending limbascending limbhas thick and thin segmentsreabsorbs very permeable to water and impermeable to solutesurine becomes very concentrated25% of watersodiumchlorideodistal convulted tubuleactively secretes ions other materialsreabsorbs sodium and calcium ionswaterconcentrates fluidPTH, ADH, Aldosteroneocollecting systemconnecting tubulecollecting ductpapillary ducttransports urine to minor calycesadjusts osmotic concentrations and volumesADH, aldosterone- filtration apparatusofenestrated capillaries- ultrafiltrateofiltrate consists oforganic wastes, and lots of others- juxtaglomerular apparatusomacula densacells monitor electrolytes in tubular fluid: sodium and chlorideojuxtaglomerular cellsspecialized cells of the afferent arteriolesnear distal convoluted tubulesecretesrennin- respond to blood pressureerythropoetien-- innervtionorenal nervesosympathetic innervationregulates glomerular blood flow- renal failureoone normal kidney can adequately filter the bloodobut need to limit fluid, salt, and protein intakeohemodialysis: process to artificially filter the bloodshunt: rubber tube into an artery and veinforearm/ lower legartery-machine (filtration)- vein- creates a dialysisokidney transplantdonor kidney is implanted in the pelvis or lower abdominal cavityreceives arterial graft from iliac artery or abdominal aorta85-95% success rateureters- urine is no longer modified- from major/minor calyces- exit out out hilum- dump into the bladder← kidney stones- renal calculiocalcium deposits, magnesium salts, uric acid crystalsocon be dislodged with persistalsis and fluid pressure“passing a stone”surgical removal or lithotripter← bladder- hollow muscular organ- storage reservoir for urine- internal structureotrigoneoneckorugae- muscular folds- destrusor musclesosmooth muscleocontraction compresses bladder and pushes urine out-