Closed with two circulatory circuitsPulmonary circuit: important for gas exchangeExchanges CO2 for O2 in RBC’s hemoglobinSystemic circuit: important for systemic circulationSends nutrients/removes wastes from tissuesRight side of heart pulmonary circuitLeft side of heart systemic circuitBlood flows through network of vessels (pumped by heart) that includeArteriesCapillariesVeinsAll exchange takes place across the capillary walls or in the smallest veinsBlood Vessel walls (3 layers)Innermost layerTunica intima- endolithelium and associated connective tissue, some vessles have an internal elastic membraneMiddle layerTunica media, smooth muscle layer and in some vessels, plates of elastic tissue (aorta, pulmonary trunk)Outer layerTunica adventitia or tunica externa- connective tissue layer, mainly collagen. Connective tissue cell, nerves, and blood vesselsTypes of arteriesLarge-sized or elastic arteriesElastic layers in tunica media between the smooth muscle cells (e.g. aorta and pulmonary trunk)Also called conducting arteriesTransport large voulems of blood from the heartStretch and recoil with pressure changesMedium-sized, muscular arteriesLess elastic tissue in between smooth muscles (e.g. axOnly smooth muscleKnow differenceDiffusion can not occur in muscular arteries (must have little capillaries )small arteriesarteriolescan change in diamete, they are under sympathetic control (from ANS)vasoconstrictionvasodilationcharacteristics of the arterial circulatory patternnumber increases moving toward capillariesdiameter increases moving toward capillarieswalls become thinner moving toward capillariespressure decreases, thickness decreases, number increasesTypes of capillariesContinuousMost common typeIn NS, muscles, and connective tissueThe only way to get in or out are the itty bitty poresFenestrated capillariesTwo typesContains pores or fenestrations in capillary wall that permitsHas a thin membrane that completes it but easy to travelOpen type (ONLY INT KIDNEYS)Endothelium contains pores or fenestrations without any cover or capsClose typeThe fenstration are closed or covered over by a diaphragm-like structureSinusoidBig openingsNo basement membranesBone marrowVeinsFxn- to collect blood from capillaries in tissue and organs and return to heartSequence of vessels in venous systemVenulesDistribution of blood30-35% in heart, arteries and capillaries65-70% in venous systemperipheralPulmonary CircuitArteries carry deoxygenated bloodVessels incudePulmonary trunkLeft and rightAortic archAscending aortaBrachiocephalic trunkRight common carotidRight subclavianLeft common carotid- separate off aortaLeft subclavian- separate off aortaDescending aortaArm arteriesAxillary artery- same as subclavian but changes nameBrachial artery- same as axillary but changes nameSplits into radial artery and ulnar arteryRadial- thumb sideUlnar- pinky sideSuperficial palmar arch- more distal and closer to phalangesDeep palmar arch- more proximal and closer to wristHeadExternal- superifical and supply neck and headHas branchesInternal- deep and supplies brainVertebral arteriesSupply brainCerebral arteries circleEqual blood supply to each side of the brain****Circle of willis****Two vertebral come togetherForm basal arteriesBasal splits and forms posterior cerebralTwo internal carotid come togetherThoracic aortaSupplies thoraxAbdominal AortaCeliac trunkSuperior mesenteric arteryInferior mesenteric artery4 paired branchessuprarenal arteries- adrenal glandsrenal areteries- kidneygonads arteries- ovaries/testislumbar-Lower limbCommon iliacFemoral arteryPopliteal arteryPosterior and anterior tibial arteryFibular (small)Dorsal archPlantar archVenous systemSuperior vena cavaReceives bloos from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper limbs (most structure above the diaphragm_Inferior vena cavaReceives blood from most structure below the diaphragmReturn to RANeck veins**** External jugular vein ****internal jugular veinsubclavian systemright brachiocephaliac veinwhere internal jugular meetssubclavianno valvesHeadNo valvesLower legCan become dialatedBecome veracious veinsBecome thick, twisted, and tortured lookingGreat saphenousCh 22 Cardiovascular System 30/03/2010 18:21:00← Closed with two circulatory circuits- Pulmonary circuit: important for gas exchangeoExchanges CO2 for O2 in RBC’s hemoglobin- Systemic circuit: important for systemic circulationoSends nutrients/removes wastes from tissues← Right side of heart pulmonary circuit← Left side of heart systemic circuit← Blood flows through network of vessels (pumped by heart) that include- Arteries- Capillaries- VeinsoAll exchange takes place across the capillary walls or in the smallest veins← Blood Vessel walls (3 layers)- Innermost layeroTunica intima- endolithelium and associated connective tissue,some vessles have an internal elastic membrane- Middle layeroTunica media, smooth muscle layer and in some vessels, plates of elastic tissue (aorta, pulmonary trunk)- Outer layeroTunica adventitia or tunica externa- connective tissue layer, mainly collagen. Connective tissue cell, nerves, and blood vesselsTypes of arteries- Large-sized or elastic arteriesoElastic layers in tunica media between the smooth muscle cells (e.g. aorta and pulmonary trunk)Also called conducting arteriesTransport large voulems of blood from the heartStretch and recoil with pressure changes- Medium-sized, muscular arteriesoLess elastic tissue in between smooth muscles (e.g. axOnly smooth muscleKnow differenceDiffusion can not occur in muscular arteries (must have little capillaries )- small arteries- arterioles- can change in diamete, they are under sympathetic control (from ANS)ovasoconstrictionovasodilation- characteristics of the arterial circulatory patternonumber increases moving toward capillariesodiameter increases moving toward capillariesowalls become thinner moving toward capillariesopressure decreases, thickness decreases, number increases← Types of capillaries- ContinuousoMost common typeoIn NS, muscles, and connective tissueoThe only way to get in or out are the itty bitty pores- Fenestrated capillariesoTwo typesContains pores or fenestrations in capillary wall that permitsHas a thin membrane that completes it but easy to travelOpen type (ONLY INT KIDNEYS)Endothelium contains pores or fenestrations without any cover or capsClose typeThe fenstration are closed or covered over by a