Chapter 13 CNS: Brain Part I !1. What!are!the!functions!of!the!brain!(general)!!!!2. What!are!the!four!main!parts!of!the!brain?!!!!!!!3. What!are!the!three!parts!of!the!brain!stem?!!!!!4. What!is!“neurulation”?!!!!5. Which!neural!tube!defect!results!from!failure!of!the!caudal!neural!tube!to!completely!close!off?!!!!!6. Which!neural!tube!defect!results!from!failure!of!the!cranial!neural!tube!to!form?!!!!!!7. Which!part!of!the!neural!tube!gives!rise!to!the!brain?!!!!!8. What!are!the!three!primary!vesicles!that!appear!at!the!rostral!end!of!the!neural!tube?!What!are!their!subdivisions!(the!secondary!vesicles)?!!!!9. Why!are!there!flexures!in!the!brain?!!!!10. What!structure(s)!will!form!from!the!telencephalon?!!!!!!11. What!structure(s)!will!form!from!the!diencephalon?!!!!!12. What!structure(s)!will!form!from!the!mesencephalon?!!!!!13. What!structure(s)!forms!from!the!ventral!metencephalon?!!!!!14. What!structure(s)!forms!from!the!dorsal!metencephalon?!!!!!!15. What!structure!gives!rise!to!the!medulla!oblongata?!!!!!***!Make!sure!you!know!these!subdividsions!starting!at!foreLmidLhind!brain!all!the!way!to!the!adult!derivatives.!!16. How!is!gray!matter!different!from!white!matter?!!!!17. How!many!ventricles!are!located!in!the!brain?!Know!where!each!is!found,!how!they!are!connected!to!each!other.!!!!18. What!is!the!job!of!the!ventricles!of!the!brain?!!!!!!!!19. What!epithelial!tissue!lines!the!ventricles!of!the!brain?!!!!!!!20. What!material!fills!the!ventricles!of!the!brain?!!!!!!21. What!structure!separates!the!lateral!ventricles?!!!!!!!22. What!structure!connects!the!lateral!ventricles!to!the!3rd!ventricle?!!!!!!23. What!structure!connects!the!third!and!4th!ventricles?!!!!!24. What!structures!enable!the!CSF!to!surround!the!brain?!!!!!25. What!(nonLbrain)!structure!does!the!4th!ventricle!connect!to?!!!26. What!are!the!general!functions!of!the!brain!stem?!27. Which!of!the!brain!stem!structures!is!most!caudal?!!!!!28. What!are!the!pyramidal!tracts?!What!is!their!job?!!!!29. !Functionally,!what!happens!when!there!is!“decussation!of!the!pyramids.”!(what!do!the!fibers!do,!what!is!the!result?)!!!!30. What!is!the!olive?!Why!is!it!important?!(hint:!olivary!nucleus)!!!!!31. What!is!the!reticular!formation?!What!is!its!role?!!!!32. What!is!the!job!of!the!pontine!nuclei?!!!!33. Where!is!the!midbrain!found?!!!!!34. What!is!the!role!of!the!superior!colliculus?!Inferior!colliculus?!!!!35. The!superior!and!inferior!colliculi!together!comprise!what!structure?!What!is!the!!(general)!role!of!this!structure?!!!!!!!36. What!is!the!job!of!the!cerebellum?!!!37. What!structure!connects!the!two!hemispheres!of!the!cerebellum?!!!38. What!is!the!role!of!the!folia?!!!!!39. In!sagittal!view,!what!structure!in!the!cerebellum!is!made!of!white!matter?!!!!40. The!diencephalon!is!surrounded!by!what!three!structures?!!!!41. What!structure!contains!the!3rd!ventricle!of!the!brain?!!!!!!42. What!is!the!job!of!the!thalamus?!Why!is!it!important?!!!!43. What!is!the!(overall)!job!of!the!hypothalamus?!!!!44. What!gland!is!contained!within!the!epithalamus?!!!!!!Part!II!!1. What!are!gyri!and!sulci!and!what!is!their!job?!!!!2. How!are!gyri!and!sulci!similar!in!function!to!the!folia?!!!!3. What!is!the!role!of!the!cerebrum?!!!4. What!are!the!three!functional!areas!of!the!cerebrum?!!!5. What!is!the!job!of!the!somatosensory!cortex?!Where!is!it!located?!!!!!6. What!determines!how!much!cortex!is!used!for!a!particular!sense?!!!7. What!is!meant!by!“contralateral’?!!!!!8. Where!is!the!primary!visual!cortex!located?!What!is!its!role?!How!does!this!relate!to!the!visual!association!area?!!!!!9. !What!is!the!role!of!the!auditory!cortex?!Where!is!it!located?!What!is!the!job!of!the!auditory!association!area?!!!!!10. What!is!the!role!of!the!(gustatory!cortex,!olfactory!cortex,!vestibular!cortex,!visceral!sensory!area?!Where!is!each!located?!)!!!!!!!11. Where!are!the!motor!areas!of!the!brain!located?!What!is!their!job?!!!!!12. Pyramidal!tracts!have!their!origin!in!which!cortex?!Where!do!these!pyramidal!tracts!lead?!How!do!the!axons!of!the!pyramidal!tracts!facilitate!voluntary!movement?!!!!13. What!is!the!job!of!the!preLmotor!cortex?!Where!is!it!located?!!!14. What!is!controlled!by!the!frontal!eye!field?!Where!is!this!found?!!!!15. What!is!Broca’s!area!and!where!is!this!found?!If!damaged,!what!might!happen?!!!!16. What!is!a!multimodal!association!area?!!!!17. What!is!the!job!of!Wernicke’s!area?!If!damaged,!what!might!happen?!18. What!is!the!limbic!association!area?!Why!is!it!not!a!specific!area!but!a!more!generalized!region?!What!is!the!role!of!the!limbic!system?!!!!19. What!structure!links!together!the!different!parts!of!the!limbic!system?!!!!20. !The!outer!cortex!of!the!brain!is!composed!of!(white/gray)!matter.!!!!!21. Deep!to!the!outer!cortex!of!the!brain!there!will!be!(white/gray)!matter.!Very!deep!to!the!white!matter,!there!will!be!another!layer!of!(white/gray)!matter!!!!!!22. Commissural,!assocation!and!projection!fibers!are!all!found!in!the!(white/gray)!matter.!What!do!these!fibers!do?!!!23. Hemispheres!are!connected!by!which!type!of!fibers?!!!24. Regions!within!a!single!hemisphere!are!connected!by!which!type!of!fibers?!!!25. Fibers!that!move!from!the!CNS!to!more!caudal!regions!are!which!type?!!!!26. What!is!the!corpus!callosum?!!!!27. What!is!the!difference!between!ganglia!and!basal!nuclei?!(hint:!think!about!location!in!the!nervous!system)!!!!!!!Part!III!!1. What!are!the!meninges!(generally).!Which!is!the!most!superficial?!Which!is!deepest?!Which!is!delicate!and!follows!the!contou rs! of!the!brain?!Which!is!tough!and!fibrous?!Which!contains!“spiderwebby”!filaments?!!!!!!!!!!!2. What!material!cushions!and!protects!the!brain!and!nourishes!the!neural!tissue?!!!!!!3. What!is!the!bloodLbrain!barrier?!What!type!of!neuroglial!cells!help!form!the!bloodLbrain!barrier?!!!!!!4. Where!are!dural!sinuses!located?!What!is!their!role?!Which!part!of!the!circulatory!system!receives!the!blood!from!the!dural!sinuses?!!!!5. Where!are!arachnoid!granulations!located!and!what!is!their!job?!!!!!6. What!material!fills!the!subarachnoid!space?!!!!!7. Differentiation!between!subdural!space!and!epidural!space.!!!!!!8. What!might!happen!if!too!much!CSF!drained!out!of!the!ventricles/!subarachnoid!spaces?!!!!!9. Where!is!CSF!made?!TRACE!the!flow!of!cerebrospinal!fluid!from!its!origin!(choroid!plexuses)!through!the!ventricles,!into!subarachnoid!space,!through!subarachnoid!space,!and!out!(dural!venous!sinuses).! B
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