Angiosperms 1 Basal Clades Monocots Eudicots Bio 1B Instructor Thomas Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu 09 01 08 Bryophytes Pteridophytes Alternation of Generations X Haploid Dominant X X Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte Water required for fertilization X X Sperm with flagella X X Archegonium Heterosporous with heterosporangia Diploid Dominant Tracheids Vessels Pollination Pollen Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte Seeds Flowers Fruits Double fertilization Triploid Endosperm X 2 3 4 Angiosperms Pine Angiosperm Reproductive Structures X Pines lack antheridia but have archegonia Angiosperms lack both antheridia and archegonia X Independent sporophyte gametophyte Antheridium Gymnosperms X 1 X X X X X aquatic ferns X X X X X X X gnetophytes X mainly wind X X X X X X X X animals wind X X X X X 5 6 7 8 9 10 Angiosperms Flowers Flower contributes centrally to the development of the diversity in this group Adaptations that enhance pollination Tremendously diverse in size shape color fragrance Fruits Adaptations that enhance dispersal Tremendously diverse in size shape texture color fragrance and taste 11 12 Gymnosperm naked seed Angiosperms enclosed seed Figs 30 3 30 6 Gymnosperm ovules are naked exposed to air when the ovuliferous scales of conifers separate to let pollen in Angiosperms enclosed seed Fig 30 10 30 8 38 2 38 3 38 7 38 8 Ovules surrounded by sporophytic tissues which create a barrier to outside world Sperm reach eggs via pollen tubes growing through 13 parental sporophyte tissue Angiosperms Flowers Pollen Double fertilization Triploid endosperm Ovules in flowers enclosed by carpel Seeds in fruits enclosed by carpel Xylem contains vessel elements and tracheids Phloem contains companion cells Complex leaves 14 Importance of flowering plants Double fertilization Fig 30 10 38 5 Most species rich group of plants at least 250 000 One sperm fertilizes egg to form zygote Other sperm joins with two nuclei in the megagametophyte to form triploid 3n tissue called endosperm The triploid endosperm becomes the source of nutrients for the developing embryo Source of most human food Rice wheat and corn are fruits of monocot angiosperms 15 Diversity in angiosperms Eucalyptus trees 100s of feet tall Aquatic duckweed 1 mm in diameter Epiphytes Fig 37 14 grow on other plants without absorbing nutrients from the plants Photosynthetic Non photosynthetic parasites Fig 37 14 absorb carbon and minerals from host green plants by having haustoria roots that penetrate into phloem of host plants or mycorrhizae hyphae associated with host green plant Insectivorous carnivorous plants Fig 37 14 these plants typically live in nitrogen poor environments and obtain nitrogen and minerals from killing digesting and absorbing insects and other invertebrates these plants have leaves modified to be insect traps and leaf glands that secrete enzymes that digest the insects 17 16 Monotropa ghost flower is a non photosynthetic parasitic plant that absorbs carbon and minerals by penetrating the fungal mycorrhizal hyphae associated with host green plant 18 ANITA Grade earliest basal angiosperms Major Angiosperm Clades Fig 30 13 Judd et al 2008 TABLE 9 1 ANITA Grade pollen usually monocolpate usually have monocolpate pollen grains with single long grooved aperture some lack vessels or have primitive vessels Magnoliid Complex monophyletic Monocots monocolpate pollen monophyletic Eudicots tricolpate pollen monophyletic tricolpate pollen grains have 3 long grooved apertures each with a central pore 19 Polyphyletic this term is discussed in detail in the evolution section of Bio 1B Amborellaceae Nymphaeaceae and Illiciaceae are three families in this group Not monocot or eudicot Pollen typically monocolpate with one furrow or pore Lacking or with primitive vessels Most have 4 nucleate female gametophytes and diploid endosperm most monocots and eudicots have 8 nucleate female gametophyte and triploid endosperm 20 ANITA Grade earliest basal angiosperms contain monocolpate pollen Amborellaceae Amborella trichopoda in New Caledonia lacks vessels and is only species in this family Nymphaeaceae water lilies lacking or with primitive vessels Nuphar luteum ssp polysepalum is CA native Illiciaceae Illicium verum star anise from Asia is source of Tamiflu drug used to treat avian influenza 21 22 Nuphar polysepala in Nymphaeceae Humboldt Co CA Nuphar polysepala in Nymphaeceae 23 24 Nuphar polysepala in Nymphaeceae Nuphar polysepala in Nymphaeaceae 25 Magnoliid Complex 26 Magnoliid Complex Magnoliales magnolias no CA native species Laurales Lauraceae Umbellularia californica California bay laurel Calycanthaceae Calycanthus occidentalis sweet shrub are both California native species Piperales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia californica pipevine and Asarum spp wild ginger are both California native species Monophyletic Trees shrubs or vines Many petals usually arranged spirally or in whorls of three Filament is usually poorly differentiated from the anther 27 28 Magnolia 29 30 Magnoliid Complex Laurales Magnoliid Complex Laurales Lauraceae Umbellularia californica California bay laurel Calycanthaceae Calycanthus occidentalis sweet shrub Lauraceae Umbellularia californica California bay laurel 31 Umbellularia californica Tilden Park 32 Umbellularia californica in Lauraceae 33 Umbellularia californica in Lauraceae 34 Umbellularia californica in Lauraceae 35 36 Magnoliid Complex Laurales Umbellularia californica in Lauraceae Calycanthaceae Calycanthus occidentalis sweet shrub 37 Calycanthus occidentalis Sonoma Co CA 38 Calycanthus occidentalis 39 40 Calycanthus occidentalis fruit Calycanthus occidentalis 41 42 Calycanthus occidentalis fruit Calycanthus occidentalis fruit with seeds 43 44 Magnoliid Complex Magnoliid Complex Piperales Aristolochiaceae Piperales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia californica pipevine Asarum spp wild ginger Aristolochia californica pipevine 45 Aristolochia californica in Piperales 46 Aristolochia californica in Piperales 47 48 Aristolochia californica in Piperales Aristolochia californica fruits 49 Magnoliid Complex 50 Asarum caudatum in Piperales Piperales Aristolochiaceae Asarum spp wild ginger 51 Asarum caudatum in Piperales 52 Asarum caudatum in Piperales 53 54 Asarum hartwegii in Piperales Asarum caudatum in Piperales 55 56 Asarum hartwegii in Piperales with seeds developing in fruit Asarum hartwegii in Piperales 57 58 Monocots 59 60 Monocots Fig 30 13 Examples of monocot families Usually monocolpate pollen has
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