Bio1B EVOLUTION Why does evolution matter Craig Moritz IB MVZ VLSB 3101 Office hours M 9 10 W 9 10 craigm berkeley edu Understanding our own species Origins variation health evolutionary medicine Relevance History L1 Tree of life phylogeny L2 Mechanisms of evolution L3 6 Sex its evolutionary implications L6 7 Species and how they arise L8 9 Evidence from fossils macroevolution L10 The evolution of novelties L11 Human evolution and medicine L12 The arms race with pathogens Antibiotic resistance HIV control etc and insect pests of agriculture Insecticide resistance Saving biodiversity on a rapidly changing planet Invasive species Overharvesting Habitat loss climate change 1 2 LE 22 13 Development of the theory of evolution Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC 100 Patient No 1 Patient No 2 75 Penicillin Discovered 1929 Fleming 50 Patient No 3 Mass production 1943 Resistance appears 1947 Staphylococcus aureus 25 0 0 2 4 6 Weeks 8 10 12 Aristotle 384 322 BC Species fixed scala naturae Linnaeus 1707 78 Hierarchical classification binomial system Mutability of species Lamarck E Darwin Geological change Hutton Lyell uniformitarianism Fossil record extinction Cuvier Biogeography Humboldt de Candolle Population pressure Malthus Linnaean hierarchy Fig 1 14 4 LE 22 2 Early influences Linnaeus classification Hutton gradual geologic change Lamarck species can change Malthus population limits Cuvier fossils extinction Lyell modern geology Darwin evolution natural selection Mendel inheritance Wallace evolution natural selection American Revolution U S Civil War French Revolution 1850 1900 1750 1800 Henslow nat hist Sedgwick Geology 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism 1798 Malthus publishes Essay on the Principle of Population 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology 1831 1936 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species 1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species 1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin 1859 The Origin of Species is published 1865 Mendel publishes inheritance papers Humboldt explorer biogeography Charles Lyell geology uniformitarianism 6 The Voyage of the Beagle Darwin s mockingbirds Mapping coastlines Capt Robert Fitzroy Darwin as 22 yr old companion naturalist Dec 17 1831 Oct 1836 28m x 7m 74 people Darwin s cabin 11ft wide with 6 5 ft chart table shared compare to your dorm 7 Replica Down House with Darwin hologram 8 Large ground finch The amazing variety of Darwin s finches 14 species descended from a common ancestor Geospiza magnirostris Sharp beaked ground finch Geospiza conirostris Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Camarhynchus psittacula Woodpecker finch Geospiza difficilis Cactus ground finch Mangrove finch Geospiza fortis Geospiza scandens Seed eater Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Small tree finch Cactus flower eaters Green warbler finch Gray warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Certhidea fusca Vegetarian finch Seed eaters Platyspiza crassirostris Insect eaters Tree finches And then there was Alfred R Wallace 1823 1913 Professional collector trained in nat hist geology surveying Amazon 1848 52 most collection lost SE Asian islands 1954 62 Wallace s line Camarhynchus parvulus Cactospiza heliobates Ground finches Fig 1 23 Large tree finch Small ground finch Large cactus ground finch Bud eater Warbler finches Common ancestor from South American mainland The Darwin Wallace principle of Natural selection Sarawak law 1855 Every species has come to existence coincident both in time and space with a pre existing closely related allied species 1858 On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type evolution by natural selection Lines of evidence in the Origin of the species by means of natural selection Darwin 1859 Artificial selection as analogy to natural selection Biogeography Nested geographic distributions Homology of traits modified for different purposes Population pressure Individuals within a population vary for one or more characteristics traits Traits are to some extent inherited by offspring from their parents More offspring are produced than can survive those with traits that improve survival reproduction leave more offspring these favorable traits will accumulate in the population over generations 11 10 Fig 22 10 12 Fig 22 18 Homologous structures variations on a structure present in a common ancestor Anatomical homologies of embryos Pharyngeal pouches Post anal tail Human embryo Chick embryo Fish gills Pharangeal pouches Fig 22 17 Human Cat Whale Bat Mammals ears throat Molecular homologies Genetic code tRNA rRNA Colinear segmentation Hox genes Descent with modification Molecular homologies time Genetic code Transcription translation machinery Colinear segmentation Hox genes etc etc 15 The only figure in Origin of the species 16
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