Mary Power mepower berkeley edu http ib berkeley edu labs power Ecology office hours W F 9 10 am Bio 1b office Ecology T 3 40 5 4184 VLSB oikos house logos study Scientific since 1902 study of interactions of organisms with their environments organism Study of factors that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms Andrewartha and Birch 1954 1 2 Lab results compared caterpillar feeding and growth rates on Nitrogne enriched vs non enriched leaves Niemala 3 Niemala a Finnish ecologist found that birch leaves were eaten faster by caterpillars and caterpillars grew faster when leaves were enriched with nitrogen as they are from acid rain but that trees growing for 5 10 years in outdoor nitrogen fertilized plots were less grazed than were trees in unfertilized plots 4 Predators overrecruited to fertilized trees in the field plots predators herbivores plants Unfertilized Fertilized 5 6 Observations Understanding ecological patterns and processes requires both The only way truly new information is acquired Good natural history Consistent long term monitoring Nowadays Advanced mapping and sensing technologies Experiments Field or laboratory replicated manipulated treatments with controls Whole ecosystem experiments Schindler s lake fertilization and acidification p 1205 Fig 54 8 in Campbell Hubbard Brook deforestation Models verbal or mathematical simplifications of reality intended to capture key processes driving system change over time Hypotheses suggested explanations subject to test falsifiable 7 Reductionist approaches seeking mechanisms causal processes e g caterpillars feed and grow faster on nitrogen rich leaves lab spoon vs chop stick feeders mechanism affects efficiency and Holistic approaches determining boundaries of the system all that must be included necessary for understanding and predicting outcomes of ecological interactions in the real world lab how do diets experience environmental context affect success and eventual composition of foragers on VLSB lawn Zoom lens ecology focus in for mechanism zoom out for context and consequences 8 energy time 2 species 2 species space Food chain Taxon Strong interactions Food chain Taxon or guild Strong interactions 9 Environment Lecture 2 Climate microclimates and biomes Lecture 3 Resources conditions and the fundamental niche in aquatic and terrestrial environments 11 10 2 Climate microclimates and biomes 3 Resources conditions and the fundamental niche Organisms Lecture 4 Autecology natural history of organisms behavioral physiological and life history traits Lecture 5 Population ecology birth death growth feeding movement rates population 12 structure and dynamics Environment 2 Climate microclimates and biomes 3 Resources conditions and the fundamental niche in aquatic and terrestrial environments Environment 2 Climate microclimates and biomes 3 Resources conditions and the fundamental niche in aquatic and terrestrial environments Organisms Autecology natural history of organisms 4 Population ecology birth death growth feeding movement rates population structure and dynamics Organisms Autecology natural history of organisms 4 Population ecology birth death growth feeding movement rates population structure and dynamics Species interactions Lecture 6 competition predation parasitism Lecture 7 Herbivory detritivory mutualism Lecture 8 Food webs food chains interaction strength Species interactions 6 Competition predation parasitism 7 Herbivory detritivory mutualism 8 Food webs food chains interaction strength Lectures 9 11 13 Ecosystems Biota and their physical and chemical environments Ecosystems Ecosystems Lecture 9 Disturbance and succession Lecture 10 Ecosystem ecology primary and secondary production Lecture 11 Ecosystem ecology elemental cycling Lecture 9 Disturbance and succession Lecture 10 Ecosystem ecology primary and secondary production Lecture 11 Ecosystem ecology elemental cycling 15 Lecture 9 Disturbance and succession Lecture 10 Ecosystem ecology primary and secondary production Lecture 11 Ecosystem ecology elemental cycling 14 16 Ecology may be the most complex system science has ever tried to understand Lectures 12 13 Regional and Global patterns Lecture 12 Spatial patterns of species richness island biogeography and design of biodiversity reserves Lecture 13 Global change and species interactions with ecosystems 17 18 How to deal with ecological complexity Seek simplicity and mistrust it Alfred North Whitehead Observations Experiments Models Multiple working hypotheses T C Chamberlain 1897 Attempt to falsify each Acknowledge that certain answers are never achieved Attempts at prediction useful postdiction Ecological Forecasting acknowledging uncertainty and context dependency 19 20 Observations The only way truly new information is acquired Deduction predicting specific outcomes from general models Models hypotheses Methods in Ecology Good natural history Tests observations or experiments Consistent long term monitoring Induction generalizing from specific observations to more general models Advanced mapping and sensing technologies 21 Observations Technology and natural history 13 17 species of bats in California Bill Rainey Dixie Pierson husband wife conservation biology team ultrasonic acoustic detection to identify most species and estimate collective foraging activity 23 22 Remote sensing e g airborne laser altimetry Digital Elevation Models and predictions of environmental conditions e g light temperature regimes 24 25 New sensing mapping and tracing technologies Northern California melted ice cream topography Landslide dominated 26 Observations To the Internet and beyond The only way truly new information is acquired Good natural history Consistent long term monitoring Advanced mapping and sensing technologies Experiments Field or laboratory replicated manipulated treatments with controls Whole ecosystem experiments Schindler s lake fertilization and acidification p 1205 Fig 54 8 in Campbell Hubbard Brook deforestation 27 28 Mo orea French Polynesia pillow stars have colormatched shrimp Berkeley students at UCB Gump Marine Lab Mo orea 29 30 Hypothesis 1 nutritional environment shrimp acquires color from starfish or diet of starfish How would you test these hypotheses In the lab or the field Hypothesis 2 shrimp have fixed genetic variation in color and select correct starfish as their habitat 31 Transplant experiments to test whether shrimp acquires color from starfish or its environment or
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