Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Revolutionary ChinaSlide 7Modern Day East AsiaGeopolitical HotspotsSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Japan’s Industrial RevolutionPostwar JapanChinaWorld Regional GeographyWorld Regional GeographyApril 14, 2010April 14, 2010Reading: Marston Chapter 8 pages 378-391, 393-410 (East Asia)Chapter 1 pages 44-48Goode’s World Atlaspages 189-1999, 201-213 (East, Southeast, and South Asia) Mongolian SteppeEast AsiaEast Asia1. Political Boundaries2. HistoryA. Dynasties & EmpiresB. Imperial DeclineC. 20th Century ChangeD. Revolutionary China3. Population Characteristics4. Environmental History and Issues 5. Culture and Ethnicity6. Economic DevelopmentA. Development TheoryB. Rostow’s Stages of DevelopmentC. The Asian TigersD. JapanE. ChinaPyongyang, North KoreaPolitical BoundariesPolitical BoundariesHistoryHistory• Chinese Dynasties • Imperial Japan • Mongol EmpireHistoryHistory• Inward looking societies • Imperial decline• 20th century change• Significantly different trajectories• Japan: industrialization and expansion• China: revolution and communism• Korea: North/South division• Mongolia: Soviet domination• Taiwan: political uncertainty / developmentRevolutionary ChinaRevolutionary China1912 Qing Dynasty Falls•Nationalist Party•Long March 1934-35•Mao Zedong•Organized rural peasants•1949 Communist control – Nationalist government flees to Taiwan.•1950 Korean War•China enters on behalf of North Korea•The Great Leap Forward•Large agricultural communes•Crops determined by central planners•Five Year Plan•Attempt to industrialize rural areas•Bad weather and poor planning lead to famine•1959 – 1962, 20 to 30 million starvedRevolutionary ChinaRevolutionary China•The Cultural Revolution•Attempt to reeducate•Remove corrupt officials•Millions displaced•Mostly “intellectuals”•From city to country•10’s of thousands killed•1976 – Revolution Over•Mao Zedong dies•“Gang of Four” arrested•1989 Tiananmen Square•The Four Modernizations•Industry, agriculture, science and defense•Deng Xiaoping•Decentralization•Market economy•Private entrepreneurship•Open-door policy•Manufacturing grows by 15% per year•Allows foreign investment•Normalized trade relationsModern Day East AsiaModern Day East Asia•Japan•2nd largest world economy•Asian Tigers•Hong Kong•South Korea•Taiwan•China•3rd largest economy•Potential to be center of world economy•“Pacific Destiny”Tapei, TaiwanGeopolitical HotspotsGeopolitical Hotspots•North Korea•World’s 5th largest standing army•Nuclear capability?•Taiwan•Part of cold war politics•Lost international status in 1971China still views it as a wayward province“Hurray for the glorious victory of Seon-gun politics!”Seon-gun = military first• Central / Inner China• North China Plain• Sichuan Basin• Japanese Pacific CorridorPopulation DensityPopulation DensityPopulation CharacteristicsPopulation CharacteristicsRegionRegionPopulationPopulation(Millions)(Millions)Birth Birth RateRateDeath Death RateRateNatural Natural IncreaseIncrease(%)(%)Net Net MigratioMigration Raten RateProjected Projected Pop. Change Pop. Change (2050)(2050)East AsiaEast Asia1,5641,5641212770.50.500+4%+4%RegionRegionIMRIMRTFRTFR% Pop % Pop <15<15% Pop% Pop>65>65Life Life ExpectancyExpectancyMaleMaleFemaleFemaleEast AsiaEast Asia20201.61.61919101074747272 76RegionRegionHIV/AIDS %HIV/AIDS %% Urban% UrbanGNI PPPGNI PPP(US$)(US$)East AsiaEast Asia0.10.151519,1009,100•China accounts for the bulk of population•Internal migration: rural-to-urban•Very little emigration to East Asia•Significant income variationsEnvironmental History & IssuesEnvironmental History & Issues•North China Plain •Forests cleared•Water control•Draining of marshes•Irrigation •Korea / Japan •Terrain limits agricultural land•Outer China / Mongolia•Sparsely populated •Limited human impact•Air and Water pollution •High coal usage•Industrial waste•Limited regulationCulture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity•China•Han Chinese: 92%•56 other ethnic groups•Tibet•Invaded by China in 1950•Ethnic Tibetans now a minority•Tibetan Buddhism•Xinjiang•Majority Uighur population•Muslim•Independence movement repressed by China•Taiwan•Han Chinese: 98%Culture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity•Homogeneity•Japan: almost exclusively ethnic Japanese (98.5%).•South Korea: only about 20,000 Chinese make up minority population.•North Korea: very small Chinese population.•Mongolia: 94.9% Mongol, 5% Turkic (Kazakh), less than 0.1% Chinese and RussianCulture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity•Language•China•Mandarin (language of Imperial China), Cantonese•52 other languages•Japan, Korea, Mongolia: dominated by national languages•Religion•Confucianism•Daoism•Buddhism•Japan – Shinto and BuddhismEconomic DevelopmentEconomic Development•Development Theory•Core-oriented•Attempt to replicate the prosperity of the core in the periphery by encouraging economic growth through industrialization and modernization.•Two assumptions of the core •The periphery should attempt to be like the core in its pathway to development.•The economic problems of the periphery are due to poverty and backwardness.•Modernization Theory•Increase investment – increase industrialization•Improve productivity and raise GDP•Incomes increase, and thus consumption increases•Rostow’s Stages of DevelopmentRostow’s Stages of DevelopmentRostow’s Stages of DevelopmentRostow’s Stages of DevelopmentRostow’s Stages of DevelopmentEconomic DevelopmentEconomic Development•Dependency School of Development•Emerged in reaction to modernization theory•Periphery point-of-view•The core-periphery relationship is responsible for the chronic state of under-development in the periphery.•Economic exploitation •Dependency of inputs from the core•Development requires separation from the capitalist world-system and economic dependency.•Opposite of neo-liberalism•Latin America prior to the debt crisis•How does East Asia fit?AsiaSection 4The nations further benefited from their access to the major shipping routes of the Pacific Ocean.While Japan was building one of the world’s strongest economies in the years after World War II, other Asian