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CU-Boulder GEOG 1982 - South Asia, U.S. Involvement in the Region

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1South Asia, U.S. Involvement in the RegionMay 23, 2008GEOG 1982Lecture Outline• Physical geography of the region• Brief history of the region• U.S. role in the region2Himalayan Mountains, earthquakes3ClimateMonsoon: dominant wind pattern in South AsiaWinter: dry air blows from land to seaSummer: wet air blows from sea to landHeavy Rains when wet air rises (at Himalayas)IntertropicalConvergence Zone (ITCZ): the area of the globe where warm air masses from south and north meet4Early History• Historically diverse (over 1000s of years)• 3500 years ago Arya people adopted:– Caste system: division of social status hierarchies– Hinduism• 1000c.e. Islam introduced by Arab traders• 1520s Mughals (Turko-Persian) – spread Islam more– Established an empire in most of India• British won control of region by 1850sPrecolonial Historical Map of South Asia- Moghul empire - British presencep. 315 in text5Colonial Era• British East India Company– Bengali weavers: cloths replaced by British cloth (mechanically produced)• How? Outlawed use of looms in homes• What did people do instead? Work as landless farm workers or move to cities– Collected “taxes”– Exported cotton, indigo from India to BritainIndependence & Partition 1947• Muslim minority in colonial India asked for a separate state (Pakistan)– Pakistan - Muslim– India - Hindu• British fostered division• Still fighting6ConflictsWar in Kashmir Video - Pakistan FrontlineU.S. Role in the Region• U.S. relationship to Islam– Before the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the U.S. considered political Islamic regimes allies (against the USSR)– Iranian Revolution showed a nationalist side of political Islam– Iraq (supported by U.S.) invaded Iran in 19807The Afghan War• One of the bloodiest regional conflicts ever• U.S. started funding anti-Soviets before 1979• 1979 Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan• U.S. saw an opportunity to create a long, costly war for the Soviet UnionU.S. and Pakistan• U.S. offered aid & military supply to Pakistan– supported the mujahideen in Afghanistan– Recruited radical anti-Communist Islamists to fight the U.S.S.R. in Afghanistan – from all over the world (including U.S. and Britain)– At camps in Pakistan, Islamists were trained in guerrilla tactics, sabotage, & bombings– Islamic schools called madrassahs were also used as ideological training centers8• 1988 Afghan War ended • 1989 Soviet army left, civil war began• 1995 Taliban took over the government in Afghanistan (with Pakistan’s support)• Private militias (originally U.S.-funded) remained in Pakistan or members traveled back to home countriesMahmood Mamdani Good Muslim, Bad Muslim chapter 3 “Afghanistan: The High Point in the Cold War” (119-177).Terms• Green Revolution – increases in food production brought about through the use of new seeds, fertilizers, mechanized equipment, irrigation, pesticides, and herbicides (p.332)• Diaspora – diffusion of people from a nation or nation-state around the world (see p. 307-308)• caste,


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