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CU-Boulder GEOG 1982 - Midterm 2 Study Guide

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Midterm 2 Study Guide - GEOG 1982, Prof. Joe Bryan. Rich FletcherThis = Section, This = Definition, This = ConceptualChapter 4: Middle East/North AfricaFertile Crescent: arches across the northern part of the Syrian Desert, and extending from the Nile valley to the Mesopotamian basin in the depression between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.- Ideas and technologies diffused outward to similar environments and then to reshape areas in Europe and Americas. - Colonization, war, and oil in the global economy has also had an enormous impact on cultural change and politics in the regionThe Maghreb: region of northwest Africa with moderate climates that includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and the desert state of Libya.- Ancient Influence: Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Christians, Byzantine- Modern Influence: French, Spanish, Italian  European influence in Gov. Sahara Desert- Largest desert in the world- Average rainfall less than 25 millimeters (1 inch)- Incorporates the Libyan and Nubian Desert (Egypt/northern Sudan)Arabian Desert: covers most of Syria along with Yemen, Oman, and Iraq.Atlas Mountains: covers northern tip of Africa near Morocco and Gibraltar.Suez Canal: provides access from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and then to the Arabian Sea. Constructed in 1868 under French supervision by Egyptians.Rivers:- Tigris/Euphrates rivers located in Syria/Iraq region.- Nile River located in Africa; major river. Flows south  north. Causes conflict over water control, due to scarcity of water…Example - Egypt has threatened military intervention in Sudan (Nile) - Israel and Jordan Conflict – Jordan River ValleyJerusalem: Jewish homeland in Israel, very biblical and huge significance in religious aspects. Israeli vs. Palestinian conflict over region  British Mandate**Key Concepts**:Aridity: climate lacks sufficient moisture to support trees or woody plants- The absence/presence of water has strongly influenced the history of theinteraction of peoples and environments of MENA.**MENA is an example of how such extensive trade networks are evidence that parts of the world were highly integrated politically, economically, and culturally long before temporary globalization.**What Keeps This Region Together?- “Cradle of Civilization” region has been apart of many early empires throughout history.- Responsible for generating many innovations throughout history.- Oil: responsible for most of the region’s wealth- Center for founding 3 major religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Political difficulty due to the aftermath of the Mandate System from boundaries to groupings of people.Ottoman Empire: - 1100 C.E. ~ 1900 C.E. - Origins in Turkey- Elaborate legal administrative structure to hold together empire- Relatively open to cultural differences- Reasons for collapse of empire: European powers (Britain and France) slowly took control of the regions surrounding the Ottoman Empire, this inspired many nationalist movements that broke down the administrative structure of the Empire. After World War I, the Ottoman military was defeated and the territory was reconstructed. See the Mandate System below…Mandate System: divided Ottoman Empire into areas administered by European Powers.Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.Example Ottoman Empire was created and destroyed through imperialism.Colonialism: establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and foreign society.Example European powers ruling in this region along with the Ottoman Empire gaining power over other territories.Oil……Oil:- Price is effected by the following 4 main points…- Steady, constant demand – US consumes 7 billion barrels annually- Lots of it: price not set on scarcity but by controlling production- Saudi Arabia has 22.3 % of known reserves- Access to supply Making Saudi Arabia a State:- Switch from coal to oil as main energy source in the US- Expiring mandates in 1930’s coincide with the emergence of oil corps.- In Saud military controls Arabia by 1930- Switches to American support by 1940’s in order to boost oil profits- Aramco gains exclusive access to oil: pays royalty to Saud (not Gov.)Consolidating the Past: 1945-1963- As mandates expire, new secular nationalist leaders emerge who challenge British, American influence in the region.  Fall of Ottoman Empire- By the 1940’s, communist movements also emerge - Both groups promote “nationalization” of oil to great success.- US support for authoritarian regimes grows as means of preserving access to oilOil States:- Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates- Yemen’s oil reserves are newly discovered, have not been fully exploited- Algeria and Libya have productive agricultural sectors in addition to profiting from oil. They both have a mixed economy“”The muwahhidun leadership would tolerate [Aramco’s presence], and in return their program to convert Arabia to the teachings and discipline of tawhid would be funded with the proceeds from oil.”__________________________________ “McJihad”, Mitchell Article- McWorld – “globalizing powers of capitalism”- Globalization of trade- Increased economic integration- Homogenization of consumer culture- Promises freedom to trade and greater political freedom- BUT they rely extensively on “un-capitalistic” forces- Mitchell: “impossibility, under capitalism of securing the enormous profitsMcWorld vs. Jihad- McWorld > capitalism as a global force- Jihad: resistance to globalization and capitalism- Oil has become an internationally traded commodity through unholy alliances of capital and authoritarian regimes- Mitchell’s counter argument: scarcity is politically produced- oil profits linked to controlling the amount on world markets- neither a problem of supply or demand- historically organized by CartelsMcJihad:- Saud continues to face challenges from other groups especially conservative Islamic groups angered by his control of key religious sites.- Switch to American alliances requires compromise.House of Saud: the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. gained wealth from oil by selling to American companies, however received much opposition from anti-western Islamism groups, and other coups.Islam vs. Islamism-


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