Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Current PRC Policies to Combat Son PreferenceOther possible initiativesOther Solutions:Slide 22China 1990, Sex Ratio Ages 0-14China 1995, Sex Ratio Ages 0-14China 2000, Sex Ratio Ages 0-14Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Population: 1,313,973,713 Age structure:0-14: 21% 15-64: 71% 65+: 8% Population growth rate: 0.6% Birth rate: 13‰ Death rate: 7‰ Sex ratio: under 15 years: 118 male/100 femaleInfant mortality rate:total: 23/1000 male: 21/1000 female: 26/1000 Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73 yearsmale: 71 years female: 75 yearsTotal fertility rate: 1.6 children born/womanDEMOGRAPHIC DATA 2006POPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION STRUCTUREDuring Mao Zedong's rule the population policy of China was “the more people, the stronger we are”, leading to overpopulation and a series of famines.When Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, his new policies focused on strengthening China's economy, and he saw overpopulation as a block to economic development. During During the the 1960s 1960s the the populatiopopulation growth n growth rate rate averaged averaged 2.4% per 2.4% per yearyearPOPULATION POLICIES1 Late marriage – men were encouraged to marry no earlier than 28 years old (25 in rural areas) and women no earlier than 25 years old (23 in rural areas).2 Longer spacing between births – couples were encouraged to allow at least a four-year gap after the first child before having another baby.3 Fewer children – it was suggested that urban families should be limited to two children, and rural families to three children.In the 1970s the Chinese government had issued three policies to reduce the birth rate:1970 POPULATION POLICYIn 1979 the authorities tightened their control and limited households to only one child. The goal of this policy was to limit China’s population to 1.2 billion by the year 2000.1979 POPULATION POLICY – THE ONE CHILD POLICYArticle 8 The State gives rewards to organizations and individuals that have scored outstanding achievements in the population programme and family planning. 2002 POPULATION and FAMILY PLANNING LAWArticle 18 The State maintains its current policy for reproduction, encouraging late marriage and childbearing and advocating one child per couple.Article 19 Family planning shall be practised chiefly by means of contraception.Article 22 Discrimination against, maltreatment and abandonment of baby girls are prohibited.Article 23 The State rewards couples who practise family planning. 2002 POPULATION and FAMILY PLANNING LAWArticle 27 The State shall issue to a couple who volunteer to have only one child in their lifetime a “Certificate of Honour for Single-Child Parents”. Couples who are issued the said certificate shall enjoy rewards.Article 35 Use of ultrasonography or other techniques to identify foetal gender for non-medical purposes is strictly prohibited. Sex-selective pregnancy termination for non-medical purposes is strictly prohibited. Article 41 Citizens who give birth to babies not in compliance with the provisions of Article 18 of this Law shall pay a social maintenance fee prescribed by law.Article 6 In order to get married, the man shall not be younger than 22 years old and the woman shall not be younger than 20. Late marriage and late child birth shall be encouraged.Article 16 Both husband and wife shall be under the obligation of following the policy of birth control.2002 MARRIAGE LAWLATERLATER Delayed marriage and delayed child Delayed marriage and delayed child bearingbearingLONGERLONGER Longer spacing between births Longer spacing between birthsFEWERFEWER Fewer children – ideally one child per Fewer children – ideally one child per couplecoupleThe Planned Birth policy of the government of the People's Republic of China is known as the One-child PolicyONE CHILD POLICY - EXCEPTIONS•There are no sanctions for couples that have multiple births (i.e twins).•As a result, some wealthy couples are turning to fertility medicines to have multiple births, due to the lack of penalties against couples who have more than one child in their first birth. •Ethnic minorities are formally excluded from the policy (8% of the pop).• If both parents are only children, they are allowed to have more than one child provided the children are spaced more than 4 years apart.• In most rural areas if the first child is a girl couples are allowed to have another child.• Families who have children with mental or physical disabilities are sometimes allowed to have another child.Children born outside of ChinaSome parents manage to be outside the country or in Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan when giving birth to their child. Those children do not count in the one-child policy, even if they are technically a natural born Chinese citizen through parentage. ONE CHILD POLICY - EXCEPTIONSAs a result the overall fertility rate is closer to two children per family than to one child per family.This population pyramid presents the female minus the male population by age. In most age groups China has a larger male than female population, particularly in young age groups where the "surplus" in male population is substantial. This well-known phenomenon, called "missing girls“, is due to the strong preference for male births in Chinese and most other Asian societies. In the past few decades the one-child policy has certainly contributed, however there has always been an element of cultural favouritism towards boys. It is believed that only boys can later keep up the family tradition. In rural areas, farmers want to have at least one male child to take over the family farm.The traditional attitude to girls is best described in the ancient "Book of Songs" (1000-700 B.C.):"When a son is born, Let him sleep on the bed, Clothe him with fine clothes, And give him jade to play...When a daughter is born, Let her sleep on the ground, Wrap her in common wrappings, And give broken tiles to play..."SUCCESSES and FAILURESSon preference has a long history in China and is tied to the social and economic roles of males in Chinese families. Family lineage is traced through males, and sons are responsible for caring for their parents in their old age. Marriage practices reflect