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CU-Boulder GEOG 1982 - finalstudyguide

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East Asia-Himalayas → located on the southern border of China with India. Formed by the Indian-Australian plate moving northward and pushing up against the Eurasian plate. Control the weather- stop sea influence on weather from the Indian ocean. “rain shadow”- arid northwestern China.-Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s) → since the time of Deng Xiaoping. Important part of economic planning in China. Carefully segregated export-processing areas that offer cheap labor and land, along with tax breaks, to transnational corporations. First four = Shantou, Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Zhuhai → located in South China, building up prosperity of Hong Kong-”Brown Cloud” → A blanket of air pollution nearly 2 miles thick. Emblematic of urban growthproblems. Decline in the productivity of crops- reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface. Creates acid rain-”Asian Tiger Economies” → Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Strong statepolicies regulating trade and economy. Newly industrialized territories. Have experienced rapid economic growth and become semiperipheral within the world-system.-Feudalism → Nobility control land and resources (China- imperial clans, Japan- Shoguns). Compulsory labor required from peasants living on land owned by nobility (no pay). Peasants provide labor for canals and agricultural production. Sophisticated, vertically organized societies. “Inward-looking”- focus on controlling peasantry as basis for wealth andsociety-Ethnic diversity & conflict → 56 different ethnic groups. Dominant group = Han. Conflict between Tibetans and Han (Chinese People’s Liberation Army). Uyghurs (muslim), Han, and state police in response to Uyghur activism (self-governance and cultural practices).-Population control programs → Instituted by China’s Communist Party. Birth quotas- one child for urban families, two for rural families, and up to 3 for families that belonged to ethnicminorities. Gave out rewards/priorities to families having only 1 child. Called the one-child policy. Abortions freely available- mostly females, males culturally biased “more worthy”.-Green Revolution → Implications for environmental quality and human health. Created more food, but also required higher levels of industrial inputs (fertilizers, pesticides). Heavy use of herbicides and insecticides created widespread illness in rural areas (poisoning).-Imperial China → Based on agriculture for 8000 years. Fluid, changing boundaries defined by trade and wars. Vast canal system. Gradual centralization of power. Xia dynasty, Shang dynasty, Qin dynasty- abolished feudalism, started building Great Wall. First major dynasty=Han dynasty, extended Great Wall. Silk road.-Silk Road → Trade route and economic and cultural link between China, Central Asia, India, Rome, and later Byzantium. East Asia= center of global trade.-Imperial Japan → “Castle cities” controlled by Shoguns. Large cities along coast. Withdrawal/isolation from foreign influence. Buddhist influence. Tokugawa dynasty- banned Christianity, banned Japanese ports from foreign vessels (exception- Nagasaki), social hierarchy.-”Opening” of Japan → Imperial decline. Forced “opening” of ports to trade with the US and other foreign powers. Forced by the US Navy. *Japanese fear of Western powers and military technology= quick compliance.-Opium Wars → British established massive trade buying tea from China- trade deficit, China not getting anything from Europe- imbalance. No more silver in Britain. Tries to recover by exporting opium from India to China- China bans opium trade. War- open up Chinese seaports to trade with Europe (forcefully).-Chinese Communist Revolution → Long March (Communist retreat in response to Nationalist party’s attempt to quash the Communist party). Mao Zedong became new leader- focus on rural peasants (as opposed to Russia). -Great Leap Forward → Mao’s plan to accelerate the pace of economic growth, from feudalism to communism. Splitting off of Taiwan. Mass-agriculture production, “people are the machines”. Led to massive famines-Patterns of uneven development → Many urban areas are very wealthy, which leads a large gap between the wealthy and the extremely impoverished areas. “Urban villages”- segregated from large urban buildings, but “speckle” the urban landscape. *economic globalization-Economic Globalization → Main factor in massive rural to urban growth in China. Limited by local capacity, state power and state intervention, and cultural resistance.-”State-led Capitalism” →-”Hydroscapes” → Flooded farmlands to create higher crop yields in coastal China. *Rice pg. 274.-Hydraulic Civilization- apart of this system with canals providing flood control and irrigation.-Meiji Restoration → Chain of events that restored rights to Japan. Ruler when Japan came to be an imperial power.-Pan-Asianism → Japan, 1940’s. Attempt to unite Asia, “Asia for Asians”, push out US and European powers, justify imperialism-Urbanization → South Asia-Himalayas → located on the southern border of China with India. Formed by the Indian-Australian plate moving northward and pushing up against the Eurasian plate. Contribute to the monsoons.-Monsoons → Floods and drought. Monsoon rains are very uneven. People have adapted- they are not considered natural disasters. “Bursts” in June and lasts into September or later.Dry monsoon in the winter- winds.-Orographic effect → Exerted by the northern hills and uplands. Causes moist air from the sea to lift and condense, producing heavy rainfall.-Intercropping → Adaptation to the monsoon. Multiple crops in a single field. Improved weedand pest control. Improved resilience to variations in climate. Require high diversity of crops(seeds). Require extensive local knowledge. “Agroecology”-Terracing → Adaptation to the monsoon. Stepped and reinforced flat agricultural fields cut into steep slopes in order to stabilize the land for cropping in the face of intense soil erosion.-British East India Company → Increase trade and “privatize” colonialism. First to colonize aregion like another country. Went to India to contest the Portuguese monopoly of the spice trade. transformed into an administrative agency. Pushed imperialist policies on South Asiaduring the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.-Green Revolution → US, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, and


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