HD 101 2nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 11Lecture 2 (August 21st)Introduction to human developmentKnow the Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological approach. Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological approach-It contains five main parts; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. The microsystem is the immediate context that contain elements people are exposed to directly like family, work, schools, and their community. The mesosystem is interconnections between microsystem components like parent-teacher conferences, athletic events, and going to the movies with friends. The exosystem is the socioeconomic context that has institutions of the culture that affect development indirectly like a country’s wealth, fundingfor education, and decisions made by the city council. The macrosystem is the cultural context like religion, beliefs, and values. The chronosystem is the time context such as changes over time. Lecture 3 (August 23rd)Theories of developmentKnow the aspects of context. Know the different types of development; physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. Know the life-cycle forces. Know the reoccurring issues.Aspects of context-The aspects of context has many different aspects that make up context. The first is cohort which is a group of people born at around the same time, same place and affected by similar social events. The second is culture where systems of meanings and customs, including values, attitudes, goals, laws, beliefs, moral guidelines, physical artifacts, and customs, that are shared by another group. The third is a social clock which is set of age norms like the terrible two’s. Thefourth is the normative history-graded influences which are biological and environmental influence associated with a particular historical moment. The fifth is normative age-graded influences which are social and culture factors that present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on race or ethnicity. The last one is the non-normative life events which are specific atypical events that occurs in a particular person’s life at a time when do not happento most people. Physical development-Physical development is about the physical growth and change of babies to adulthood. Social and cultural issues can affect growth and change like nutrients and interaction with other kids and family. Brain growth, nervous system development, muscles building, senses becoming better, and being aware of needs for food, drink, and sleep.Cognitive development-Cognitive development involves the mental processes of knowledge and awareness. This includes perceptions on all levels, education, life experience, intellectual capabilities, learning, memory, and problem-solving skills the baby will develop.Psychosocial development-Psychosocial development is all about the social, emotional, and personality development of a person. There are three basic types; the difficult baby who cries a lot and has difficulty connecting with others, the slow-to-warm baby who is resistant to strangers but in the middle inother aspects, and the easy baby who goes with the flow and likes other people.Life-cycle forces-There are a few life-cycle forces that can shape who we are; difference in how the same event affects people of different ages, age which a person decides to get married, or have kids, etc., and normative vs. non-normative experiences.Reoccurring issues-There are three main reoccurring issues in development. The first is nature vs. nurture meaningto what degree genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) influences determine the kind of person we become. The second continuity vs. discontinuity meaning is development of a particular phenomena that is a smooth progression (continuous) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuous). The last reoccurring issue is the universal vs. context-specific issue meaning is there just one path of development (universal) or are there several path (context-specific).Lecture 4 (August 26th)Research in human developmentKnow the scientific stages of research. Know the ways to determine it’s accuracy. Know researchmethod. Know research design. Know research sample. Know about the cautions of research.Scientific stages-The stages of scientific research method include developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, drawing a conclusion, and reporting the findings.Determining accuracy-Determining whether or not results are accurate relies heavily on replication; repeating the study, reliability; a consistent measure, validity; does it measure what the research wants it do, generalizability; applicable to others beyond the study, and usefulness; does it solve real-life problems?Research method-Research method can include systematic observation; observing and recording behavior systematically, self-reports; having someone participate in an interview, a case study; an intensive study of one individual, and ethnography; observation of a particular group or culture.Research design-Research designs includes correlation; observing the relationship between two phenomenon, cross-sectional; observing persons of different ages at one point in time, longitudinal; observing the same group at different points in time, experimental; observing people when circumstances are carefully controlled, and sequential; combining the above design and observing two groups over time.Research sample-Research sample include getting demographics like age, income levels, and types of residence. Random samples are when the participants are random selected for either the control or the experimental group and a convenience sample is a sample that is collected based on convenience like college students.Cautions-People need to be very cautious of research and it’s data. Correlation is looking that relationship between variables as they exist in the world. Causation is when one variable causes a response in another. Correlation and causation can show how variables are related but cannotdemonstrate what cause the response. Quantitative data can be categorized, ranked, or numbered. Qualitative data is rich in description of a certain phenomenon. Research ethics include; protection from harm, informed consent, confidentiality, knowledge of results, deception, deliberate falsification of data, and bias. Lecture 5 (August 28th)GeneticsDefine genotype, phenotype, chromosomes, genes, DNA, alleles, mitosis, meiosis, autosomes, gametes, and zygote.-Genotype is the complex blend of