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WSU HD 101 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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HD 101 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 20Lecture 12 (September 23rd)Development in ChildhoodKnow Piaget’s theory. Know the sensorimotor substages. Know about object permanence, mental representation, and deferred imitation. Know about the evaluation of the sensorimotor stages. Know about the core knowledge perspective. Know about information-processing. Know about categorization. Know Vygotsky’s theory. Know the types of developmentally appropriate child care.Piaget’s theory-Piaget’s theory of schemes states that children organize their own ways of making sense of theirexperience, and that it changes with age. When children building their schemes they use adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation. Adaptation is building schemes through direct interaction with environment, assimilation is using current schemes to interpret their external world, and accommodation is adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit their environment. When using assimilation and accommodation there can be equilibrium and disequilibrium.Sensorimotor substages-Reflexive schemes is between birth-1 months where the child has newborn reflexes. Primary circular reactions occur between 1-4 months where simple motor habits are centered around their body. Secondary circular reactions occurs between 4-8 months and is when they repeat interesting effects in their surroundings. Coordination of secondary circular actions occurs between 8-12 months and is intentional, goal-directed behavior and object permanence. Tertiary circular reactions occurs between 12-18 months and is exploration of objects’ properties through novel actions. Mental representation occurs from 18 months-2 years which is internal depiction of object or events.Object permanence, mental representation, and deferred imitation-Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, mental representation is internal, mental depiction of objects, people, events, and information, and deferred imitation includes facial imitation, copying actions with object, rationally imitation,and intended imitation.Evaluation of sensorimotor stages-Object searches, A-not-B, and make-believe play were all developed when Piaget had suggested they would be. Object permanence, deferred imitation, categorization, and problem solving by analogy were developed earlier than Piaget had suggested it would. Some studies suggest that infants are born with core knowledge in several domains of thought.Core knowledge perspective-The core knowledge perspective states that children are born with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems, the core domains allow quick grasps of related information, and supported by rapid early development.Information-processing-Information-processing involves three areas attention, memory, and categorization. Attention is the efficiency and ability to shift focus, memory is retention intervals lengthens, and categorization includes impressed perceptual skills and conceptual skills.Categorization-Categorization has perceptual and conceptual areas; perceptual is based on similar overall appearance or prominent parts and conceptual is based on common function of behavior.Vygotsky’s theory-Vygotsky’s theory focuses on social contexts, other people contributing to the cognitive development, and the zone of proximal development, where tasks that children cannot do alone but can learn with the help of more skilled partners.Developmentally appropriate child care-The types of developmentally appropriate child care include adult-child interactions, teacher qualifications, and relationships with parents, licensing and accreditation, physical settings, group size, caregiver-child ratio, and daily activities. Lecture 13 (September 25th)Development in Infants/ToddlersKnow the three theories of language development. Know about talking. Know the differences in language development. Know about supporting early language.Theories of language development-The behaviorist theory claims that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation. The nativist theory states that language acquisition is biologically innate and that children are born, designed, and prepared to learn language. The interactionist theory focuses on the inner capacities and environment work together to develop language, and that social context is important in learning language.Talking-When infants/toddlers are getting ready to talk their first speech sound is cooing and babbling, and when they are transitioning into becoming a communicator they begin to give and take in conversations and have preverbal gestures like waving and shaking their heads. When they startto talk they use over/underextension; underextension is using a world only exclusively for themand overextension is using one word for many things. Two-word utterances come after their first words and are more telegraphic like “go-bed.”Differences in developing language-There are many differences that can cause an individual to develop language differently than most; like environment, culture, gender, temperament, and language styles.Early language-With infants parents need to respond to coos and babbles, establish joint attention with the infant, use child-directed speech/baby talk, and play social games. With toddlers parents need to play make-believe together, have frequent conversations, and read often and talk about books.Lecture 14 (September 27th)Development in Infants/Toddlers Cont.Know the psychological stages during infancy/toddlerhood. Know the basic emotions. Know when infants/toddlers understands others emotions. Know the self-conscious emotions. Know about emotional self-regulation. Know about temperament, structure of temperament, and stability of temperament. Know the genetic and environmental influences on temperament.Psychological stages-There are two psychological stages in the first year of age Erikson purposes the battle of trust vs.mistrust and caregivers need to be responsive to their children. In the second year of age Erikson’s purposes autonomy vs. shame and caregivers need to give suitable guidance and reasonable choices.Basic emotions-The basic emotions that infants show are happiness; smiling (birth), social smiling (6-10 weeks), and laughing (3-4 months), anger (4-6 months), and fear (8-12 months).Infants/toddlers understanding other’s emotions-In early infancy infants have emotional contagion and have been


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WSU HD 101 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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