H_D 101 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Why Conduct ResearchII. Scientific Method – Stages of ResearchIII. Are Results AccurateIV. Research MethodV. Research DesignVI. Research SampleVII. CautionsVIII. Communicating and Utilizing ResultsOutline of Current Lecture II. Introduction to Genetics and ChromosomesIII. DefinitionA. GenotypeB. PhenotypeC. ChromosomesD. GenesE. DNAF. AllelesG. MitosisH. MeiosisI. AutosomesJ. GametesCurrent Lecture- Introduction to genetic and chromosomes:o In order for two parents to give equal amounts of genetic information and produce a child with the same amount of chromosomes.o In order to pass on half of their genes to their off-springs parents produce specialized sexcells.o Each gamete, has exactly one-half the normal number of chromosomes.o Gametes are called haploids, and adults give out diploids.o Gamete is the sperm/egg (haploid), Zygote is the fertilized egg (diploid).o Meiosis; haploid gamete cells must be made by a special type of division that creates sexcells; this has two divisions.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Mitosis; is a special division that replicates identical cells from our parents; this helps with growth and repair.o Meiosis I; is the first cell division in this process. It is called reduction division because it is during this process that the chromosome number is halved.o Meiosis II; in meiosis II the chromosome number is not being reduced. Rather the chromatids from each double-stranded chromosomes are being separated. Meiosis II in humans begin with two cells that have 23 chromosomes.o Meiosis is a source of variation.o The first form of variation comes from crossing over during prophase I, tetrads are formed.o The chromatids of homologous chromosomes are very close to each other.o As a result of crossing over, children might end up traits that the parents never had.o Each time meiosis occurs, the lining up can be different, this is known as independent assortment.o In humans there are more than eight million different possible arrangements.o Meiosis is important because it maintain the normal species chromosome number by preparing haploid gametes. Also by increasing genetic variability by recombining genes in eggs and sperm.- Definitions:o Genotype – the complex blend of genetics information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics.o Phenotype – observable characteristics of an individual.o Chromosomes – a rod-like structure which stores and transmits genetic information.o Genes – a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.o DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical substance made up of chromosomes.o Alleles – a form of a gene.o Mitosis – a process in which DNA that duplicates itself.o Meiosis – a division process where the number of chromosomes is cut in half normally by present body cells.o Autosomes – chromosomes that match each other (22 out of 23 of them match).o Gametes – sex cells.o Zygote – the final production when the sperm and the ovum unite at