HD 101 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Periods of Prenatal DevelopmentII. Developmental PeriodsIII. Factors of Healthy Prenatal DevelopmentIV. Impact of TeratogenV. Teratogen DrugsVI. Disease and ConsequenceVII. Issues and ConceptsVIII. Birth ProcessIX. The APGAR ScaleX. Birth ComplicationXI. Medical Intervention in ChildbirthXII. Preterm and Small-For-Date BabiesXIII. ReflexesXIV. Newborn State of ActivityXV. Changing State Outline of Current Lecture II. Body GrowthIII. Growth DifferenceIV. Growth TrendsV. General HealthVI. Assessing Growth and DevelopmentVII. Brain Growth and MaturationVIII. Brain DevelopmentIX. Lateralization of the Cerebral CortexX. Brain PlasticityXI. Changing State of ArousalXII. Influence of Early GrowthXIII. Benefits of BreastfeedingXIV. Food and NutritionXV. NutritionXVI. Emotional Well-BeingXVII.ImitationCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Body Growth:o Rapid growth – first year. Gain 50% in height. Triple in weight.o Growth slows – second year Gains 75% birth height by age 2.o Grow in spurts. Gains “baby fat: until about 9 months, then gets slimmer.- Growth Differences:o Male/female. Boys becomes a little taller and heavier than girls.o Ethnic differences.o Individual rates. Skeletal age. Growth norms.- Growth Trends:o Cephalocaudal. Head to toe. Lower part of the body growers later than the head.o Proximodistal. Near too far. Extremities grow later than head, chest and trunk.- General Health:o Immunization.o Illness. Respiratory infections. Child care. Exposure too many different people.o SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). Sleep on stomach, side, or back? Risks:- Premature birth.- Winter – respiratory illness.- Apnea.- Smoking.- Slower maturation. Prevention:- Not a lot of blankets.- Pacifier.- Assessing Growth and Development.o In US regular well baby checkups are recommended. Height, weight, and head size. Eating patterns. Teach parents about health and safety of child.- Brain Growth and Maturation:o Brain is approximately 25% its adult weight at birth, and 75% at about 2 yearsold. Head circumference measurements provides a rough estimate of brain growth.o Readiness to become alert, to cry and to self-soothe correlates with intellectual quickness.- Brain Development:o Cells: Neurons-specialized cells of the nervous system – basic unit in brain. Dendrites – allow neurons to receive input from other neurons (tree).o Synapses: connections made between neurons. Increase brain weight. Transient exuberance – rapid dendrite increase (number). Pruning – redundant, unused.o Hemispheres – left and right halves.o Brain plasticity – extent to which the brain organization is flexible.o Shaken Brain Syndrome.o Head-sparing – last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.- Lateralization of the Cerebral Cortex:o Left hemisphere: Sensory information and control of the right side of the body. Verbal abilities. Positive emotion. Sequential, analytical processing.o Right hemisphere: Sensory information and control of the left side of the body. Spatial abilities. Negative emotion. Holistic, integrative processing.- Brain Plasticity:o In infants and young children, parts of the brain are not yet specialized.o Recover better from brain injury. Language recovers better then spatial skills. They still have some problems with complex mental skills.o Older children, even adults, show some plasticity.- Changing State of Arousal;o Sleep needs to decline from 18 hours to 12 hours a day by age 2. Affected by social environment, cultural values.o Bedtime routines.o Nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking.o Bedwetting.- Influences of Early Growth:o Heredity.o Nutrition. Breast vs. bottle-feeding.o Malnutrition.o Emotional well-being. Problems can cause nonorganic failure to thrive.- Benefits of Breastfeeding:o Provides the correct balance of fat and protein.o Ensures nutritional completeness.o Helps ensure healthy physical growth.o Protects against many diseases.- Food and Nutrition:o Breast milk/formula.o Solid foods: cereal, fruits, vegetables – begin about 6 months.o Eggs and honey – avoid until at least one year.o Once off of breast milk/formula – then whole milk until four years of age.o At about a year – able to eat “regular” diet.- Nutrition:o Will feeding infant solid food earlier than 6 months help them sleep through the night, no.o What effect might low-fat diets have on the developing fetus or new baby, comprise the milk.- Emotional Well-Being:o Nonorganic failure to thrive. Symptom; wastes condition of body. No Biological.- Imitation:o Newborns have the ability to imitate. Reflex or voluntary capacity?o Mirror neurons offer biological explanation.o Powerful means of learning.o Helps facilitate positive