HD 101 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Prenatal DevelopmentOutline of Current Lecture II. Periods of Prenatal DevelopmentIII. Developmental PeriodsIV. Factors of Healthy Prenatal DevelopmentV. Impact of TeratogenVI. Teratogen DrugsVII. Disease and ConsequenceVIII. Issues and ConceptsIX. Birth ProcessX. The APGAR ScaleXI. Birth ComplicationXII. Medical Intervention in ChildbirthXIII. Preterm and Small-For-Date BabiesXIV. ReflexesXV. Newborn State of ActivityXVI. Changing StateCurrent Lecture- Periods of Prenatal Development:o Zygote; length 2 weeks; fertilization, implantation, and start of placenta.o Embryo; length 6 weeks; arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop, heart begins beating.o Fetus; length 30 weeks; “growth and finishing.”- Developmental Periods:o Zygote period (first two weeks). Fertilized egg is called zygote. Period ends when zygote implants in uterine wall. Outer sacchorion, from which the placenta develops Inner sac – amnion, holds fluid. Placenta carries nutrients and wastes. Umbilical cord connects developing child to the placenta.o Embryo Period (3-8 weeks).These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Outer layer or ectoderm will become hair, the outer layer of skin and nervous system. Middle layer or mesoderm will form muscles, bones, circulatory system. Inner layer or endoderm will form digestive system and lungs. Growth from head to base of spine (cephalo-caudal). Growth near center of body first (proximal-distal).o Fetus Period (weeks 9-38). Fetus becomes much larger. Body system changes. Brain begins to function. Finishing touches - respiration, digestion, vision.- Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development:o Infectious diseases.o Nutrition.o Emotional stress.o Rh blood factor.o Sperm health.o Age.- Impact of Teratogens:o Depends on the genetic make-up of the organism.o Changes over the course of prenatal development.o Affects specific aspect(s) of prenatal development.o Depends on the dose.o May not be evident at birth.- Teratogen Drugs:o Alcohol: FAS, cognitive deficits, heart damage, growth retardationo Aspirin: deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skillo Caffeine: Lower birth weight and decreased muscle toneo Cocaine and heroin: Retarded growth, irritability in newbornso Nicotine: Retarded growth, facial deformitieso Marijuana: impaired central nervous systems, brain damage; miscarriage, prematurity, stillbirth, childhood deficits in language and memory- Disease and Consequence:o HIV/AIDS; frequent infections, neurological disorders, death.o Genital herpes; Encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting.o Rubella; mental retardation; damage to eyes, ears and heart.o Syphilis; damage to the central nervous system, teeth, and bones.- Issues and Concepts:o Age of Viability – 22 weeks – possible.o Weight gain/diet.o Prenatal Care.o Lanugo.o Fontanels.o Vernix.- Birth Process:o Stages of labor/delivery.o Effacement & dilation.o Episiotomy.o Reasons for cesarean section.o Family support.o Bonding.o Postpartum depression.- The APGAR Scale:o Appearance.o Pulse.o Grimace.o Activity.o Respiration.- Birth Complication:o Oxygen deprivation (anoxia).o Breech position.o Rh factor incompatibility.o Severe trauma. Long-term difficulties.o Mild to moderate trauma. Dependent on environment.o Resilience.- Medical Intervention in Childbirth:o Fetal monitoring.o Medication.o Analgesics.o Anesthetics.o Cesarean delivery.- Preterm and Small-For-Date Babies:o Preterm. Born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy.o Small-for-date. May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected weight for length of pregnancy.- Reflexes:o Unlearned responses triggered by a specific form of stimulation.o Babinski – stroke foot heel to toe – toes fan out.o Moro – throws arms out & then in – loud noise.o Rooting – cheek is stroked, turns head.o Palmar – grasps object placed in hand.o Others: blinking, stepping, sucking, withdrawal.- Newborn State of Activity:o Alert inactivity; calm, eyes open, inspecting the environment.o Waking activity; eyes open, seem unfocused; arms/legs move uncoordinated motions.o Crying -- 2-3 hours/daily.o Sleeping – 16-18 hours daily.- Changing States:o Responding to baby’s cries. Type of cry. Length of time. Strategies for soothing.