COMM 315 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. How Self-Concept DevelopsII. Self Esteem/Self WorthIII. FaceworkIV. How to Improve Self EsteemV. Self and Interpersonal RelationshipsVI. “Cyber self” vs. “Realspace self”VII. Interpersonal PerceptionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Forming ImpressionsII. Interpreting BehaviorIII. Interpersonal Perception Barriers IV. Online StereotypesV. Improving Interpersonal Perception SkillsCurrent Lecture- Forming Impressions of Otherso Impressions- collections of perceptions about others that we maintain and use tointerpret about their behaviors (can be a passive or active action)o Impression Formation Theory- Influence from what others tell uso Passive perception- occurs because our senses are operating, they happen without thinking about it (smelling a candle when walking into a room)o Active perception- when we are actively select particular information; trying to figure something outo Implicit personality theory- personal set of assumptions that we attribute to others which we use to help us understand them Made of constructs- continuum of bipolar qualities we use to classify people and make sense of things quicklyo Uncertainty reduction theory- the reason we communicate at all is because we want to reduce the uncertainty about peopleo Social media effect- others evaluate you and make assumptions based on what you post on your social media sites and what others post on your sites. o Primary effect- we tend to emphasize what we think about a person first hand (first impressions)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Predicted Outcome Theory- make predictions about the future of that relationshipo Recency Effect- we tend to emphasize on our last impression we’ve had with a persono Halo effect- we assume certain positive qualities based on the implicit personality theoryo Horn effect- assuming negative qualities simply just because we don’t like them People who aren’t good at taking criticism. Then they won’t like the person who criticized themo Individualizing information- snap judgments that can change after getting to know a person better. - Interpreting the Behavior of Otherso Attribution theory- how we attribute the motives of other’s behaviors. Attempt to understand why people do what people do.o Causal attribution theory- can be internal or external. Trying to understand if theperson meant to do or say what they said or did. Want to know if they had knowledge of the effect of the action and if they had the means to take the action Circumstance- is it the same over time.  Stimulus The person himself/herself o Standpoint theory- a person’s social position determines how that person views others.o Intercultural communication theory Culture- affects the way we interpret people’s behavior. It’s learned Culture elements- Material Culture- material things and what these things change in culture. (suburbs in one place is good another is bad example)- Social Institutions- schools government systems- Belief System- Aesthetics- art, dance - Languageo Stereotyping is rapid in many cultures- Identifying Barriers to Accurate Interpersonal Perceptiono We stereotype- overgeneralizing based on knowing a small amount of information. We can stop this by getting to know a person better to solidify what we stereotyped or to change our ideas of a person.  Stereotype Media- Typically passed on by otherso We ignore information People sometimes don’t focus on the important information, because it isobvious and superficial Usually not aware that we’re doing it, we do it to simplify the world and our understanding of ito We impose consistency We don’t act the same way every day, it fluctuates. o We focus on the negative- giving more weight to negative information rather than the positive informationo We blame others assuming they have control Fundamental attribution error- people are more likely to assume that something is caused by something internal rather than an external cause.  When people are closer to you, you are going to look for the external cause rather than the internal Feelings Bias- Stress maintaining Bias-  Relationship enhancing bias- we want to see the best in the other person assuming positive behaviors to internal causes and negative behaviors to external causes.o We avoid responsibility- trying to save face Self-serving bias (Actor observer bias)- when we try to (red light example: you run it its ok, someone else runs it not ok)- Forming Stereotypes Onlineo Social identity model of de-individuation effects (SIDE)- we chose who we present ourselves to online. There’s intent to sharing information. When we observe info about a person, the lack of non-verbal cues allows us to make judgments of a person. o The fewer cues available, the more likely stereotypical perceptions of the other person will emergeo People form stereotypes not only on the basis of the qualities of other people, but from context cues about those with whom others associateo How to not make stereotypical judgments of others online Be mindful of the potential for developing inaccurate stereotypes online Be cautious of the conclusions you draw about others’ personality and characteristics As you prepare your online profile, look at your information with the other-oriented perspective of how others may perceive you online. - Improving Interpersonal Perception Skillso Be aware of you personal perception barrierso Be mindful of the behaviors that create meaning to youo Link details with the big pictureo Become aware of others’ perceptions of you Parents view your actions differently from how your friends view your actionso Check you perceptions- alternate ways of perceiving the situation, even if it contradicts your initial perception. Difficult if emotions are involved. Emotions influence our logical thinking. Missing info that you may not already have that could make a difference in the situation. Indirect perception checking- seeking additional info in a passive manner Direct perception checking- acknowledging the behavior you are concerned about or are trying to understand and ask the person “is this what you meant by this?” most useful if people are willing to confirm or disconfirm.o Become other-oriented Put