Study Guide for Midterm #2 Chapter 5: Skeletal System How is the skeleton divided? What are the 4 components of the skeletal system? What are the 5 functions of the bones? Can you classify a bone if given its shape or composite? What are the roles of the diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, endosteum, epiphyseal line, articular cartilage, medullary cavity? What is in the cavity at different stages of life? What is an osteon, osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast? What are lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central canals, Volkmann’s canals? What does each do? How does bone remodeling happen? What contributes to it? What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? How do bone fractures heal? What makes up the axial skeleton? The appendicular skeleton? Be able to tell classify a bone if given one. What are the 3 types of joints and their structure? Where would you find them? Be able to classify Synarthrotic, Amphiarthrotic, Diarthrotic. Know diseases discussed in class. Chapter 6: Muscle What are the three types of muscle? Where are they found? What do they look like? What are the components of each? Which is voluntary, which is involuntary? What are the functions of muscle? Which are only functions of skeletal muscle? Know the anatomy of skeletal muscle i.e. A and I bands, myofibrils, sarcolemma, etc. What are the filaments? Which is thick, which is thin? What form cross bridges? Know the structure and components of a neuromuscular junction. What is a neurotransmitter, which is released into synaptic cleft? How does it activate muscle contraction? How is it degraded? What is an action potential? How is it generated? How is it propagated? How is it concluded? Which ions are involved? What is the Sliding Filament Theory? How does it work? What are Troponin and Tropomyosin? Which ion is necessary to initiate muscle contraction? Is ATP needed during muscle contraction? What are the roles of Myosin and Actin during contraction? What is a graded response? How are they produced?Chapter 7: Nervous What are the three functions of the nervous system? What do each do? How do you classify elements of the nervous system? Be able to break each classification down as discussed in class. Which is afferent, which is efferent? Which breakdown even further when classifying? Know the supporting cells of nervous tissue. What do each do, where are they located? Know the structure of a neuron – cell body, organelles, dendrites, axons, axon terminals, synaptic cleft, synapse, myelin sheath. What are neurotransmitters? What are node of Ranvier? How do they help speed transmission of a nerve impulse? Know terms defined in class. How do you classify neurons? Functional vs. Structural Be able to describe a resting neuron, the initiation of a nerve impulse, and propagation of a nerve impulse. How does the cell return to normal? Chapter 8: Hearing, Taste, and Smell What kinds of receptors are involved? What is the anatomy of the ear? Which compartments are involved with hearing, equilibrium, or both? What are the bones of the ear? How are receptors stimulated for hearing vs. equilibrium? What is difference between static and dynamic equilibrium? How are taste or smell receptors stimulated? Where are taste buds located? Where are olfactory receptors located? How many types of taste receptors are there, olfactory receptors? Know the diseases discussed in class Chapter 8: Vision What are the layers of the eye? What are associated structures and what are their functions? What are the specific structures in each layer that we discussed and what do the do? Know what the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, lens, iris, pupil, outer and neural layer of retina are and where they are located. What is unique about each layer and what does it do? What structures are smooth muscle? How does the lens change shape? How does that change allow for vision? Know the differences between the humors discussed and their functions. What type of receptors are found in the eye? What are their roles? What types of cones are present? Where is integration done, in the eye or brain? Know the diseases