The Respiratory SystemWhat is respiratory system responsible for?Functional AnatomyThe NoseRespiratory Mucosa of NoseSinusesDiseasesPharynxLarynxTracheaSlide 11Main BronchiLungsIn LungsRespirationMechanics of BreathingInspirationExpirationExpiration in diseasedRespiratory Volumes and CapacitiesSmokers vs Non-smokersThe EndThe Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory SystemChapter 13Chapter 13What is respiratory system What is respiratory system responsible for?responsible for?Cells use of oxygenCells use of oxygen•Can’t do without it!Can’t do without it!Waste products of aerobic respirationWaste products of aerobic respiration•COCO22Cardiovascular and respiratory Cardiovascular and respiratory systems share job of providing Osystems share job of providing O22 and removing COand removing CO22•Gas exchange vs transportGas exchange vs transportFunctional AnatomyFunctional AnatomyNose, pharynx, larynx, Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, trachea, bronchi, smaller branches and smaller branches and lungs which contain lungs which contain alveolialveoliGas exchange with Gas exchange with blood only happens in blood only happens in alveolialveoliAll other structures All other structures just conducting just conducting passagespassagesFigure 13.1The NoseThe NoseOnly externally visible Only externally visible partpartNostrils or nares – air Nostrils or nares – air entersentersNasal cavity – insideNasal cavity – insideNasal septumNasal septumOlfactory receptorsOlfactory receptors•Where are they?Where are they?Figure 13.2Respiratory Mucosa of NoseRespiratory Mucosa of NoseLines nasal cavityLines nasal cavityCovers network thin Covers network thin walled veins – blood flow walled veins – blood flow warms airwarms air•Nose bleeds?Nose bleeds?Moisten air, trap bacteria Moisten air, trap bacteria and debrisand debris•LysozymesLysozymesCiliated cells Ciliated cells •Sluggish on cold daysSluggish on cold daysConchae – SA and Conchae – SA and turbulenceturbulencePalate – malformation?Palate – malformation?Figure 13.2SinusesSinusesParanasal sinuses – Paranasal sinuses – in frontal, in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary and maxillary bonesbones•Lighten skullLighten skull•Resonance chamber Resonance chamber for speechfor speech•Produce mucusProduce mucusNose blowingNose blowingFigure 13.2Diseases Diseases Sinusitis – sinus inflammationSinusitis – sinus inflammation•Passageways between sinus and nasal cavity Passageways between sinus and nasal cavity blocked - mucus or infectious matterblocked - mucus or infectious matterSinus headacheSinus headacheRhinitis – cold virus or allergens cause Rhinitis – cold virus or allergens cause inflammation of nasal mucosainflammation of nasal mucosa•Nasal congestion and dripNasal congestion and drip•Mucosa continuous throughout tract – leads to Mucosa continuous throughout tract – leads to infections in nasolacrimal ducts and sinusesinfections in nasolacrimal ducts and sinusesPharynxPharynxMuscular passageway – Muscular passageway – throatthroatFood and airFood and airNasopharynx Nasopharynx •Eustachian tubes drain Eustachian tubes drain here –here –leads to what?leads to what?•Pharyngeal tonsil - adenoidPharyngeal tonsil - adenoidOropharynxOropharynx•Palatine tonsilsPalatine tonsils•Lingual tonsilsLingual tonsilsTosillitisTosillitisLaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx•Leaves here and enters Leaves here and enters larynxlarynx•Food enters esophagusFood enters esophagusFigure 13.2LarynxLarynxVoice boxVoice boxRoutes food and airRoutes food and airFormed by 8 hyaline Formed by 8 hyaline cartilages – largest thyroid cartilages – largest thyroid cartilage – adam’s applecartilage – adam’s appleEpiglottis – elastic Epiglottis – elastic cartilage cartilage •When swallow, larynx pulled When swallow, larynx pulled up, epiglottis tips, lid over up, epiglottis tips, lid over larynxlarynx•Not swallowing, larynx openNot swallowing, larynx openCough reflex – doesn’t Cough reflex – doesn’t work when unconsciouswork when unconsciousVocal chords – vibrate with Vocal chords – vibrate with air movementair movementFigure 13.2TracheaTracheaWindpipeWindpipeTo 5To 5thth thoracic vert. thoracic vert.Rigid – walls reinforced Rigid – walls reinforced with C shaped rings – with C shaped rings – hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilageRingsRings•Open part to esophagus Open part to esophagus allows for expansion when allows for expansion when swallowswallow•Solid part keeps trachea Solid part keeps trachea open with pressure open with pressure changes due to breathingchanges due to breathingFigure 13.3TracheaTracheaLined with ciliated mucosaLined with ciliated mucosaBeat continuously upwardBeat continuously upwardDust and other debrisDust and other debrisSwallow or spat outSwallow or spat outSmoking inhibits and destroys Smoking inhibits and destroysMain BronchiMain BronchiBranch from Branch from trachea into each trachea into each lunglungRt. Bronchus is Rt. Bronchus is wider shorter and wider shorter and straighterstraighter•ChokingChokingAir is warm, Air is warm, cleansed, and cleansed, and humidifiedhumidifiedFigure 13.1LungsLungsOccupy entire thoracic cavity Occupy entire thoracic cavity except what?except what?Divided into lobesDivided into lobes•Rt – three lobesRt – three lobes•Lf – two lobesLf – two lobesSurface covered with visceral Surface covered with visceral pleurapleuraWalls of thoracic cavity – Walls of thoracic cavity – parietal pleuraparietal pleuraPleural space filled with Pleural space filled with pleural fluidpleural fluidTwo layers move smoothly, but Two layers move smoothly, but resist being separatedresist being separatedLungs held tightly to wallLungs held tightly to wallFigure 13.4aIn LungsIn LungsBronchi divide into Bronchi divide into smaller pathwayssmaller pathwaysSmallest conducting Smallest conducting pathway is bronchiolespathway is bronchiolesBronchioles eventually Bronchioles eventually terminate in alveoliterminate in alveoliAlveoli only site of gas Alveoli only site of gas exchangeexchangeLungs mostly air spacesLungs mostly air spacesLungs only weigh 2.5 lbsLungs only weigh 2.5 lbsFigure 13.5RespirationRespirationPulmonary