BLOODSlide 2Slide 3Blood..a liquid “tissue”???How are Tissue Classified ?(AGAIN)Slide 6BloodSlide 8These are the Functions of Blood. Can You Elaborate?Slide 10Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood PlasmaPlasma ProteinsFormed ElementsPhotomicrograph of a Blood SmearEmbryonic Stem CellsBlastocystHemopoiesisHematopoiesisAdult Stem Cell (example: Hematopeoetic Stem CellAll of These Blood Cells From One Hematoblast Stem Cell!Leukocyte TermsLeukocytes (White Blood Cells)Types of LeukocytesEosinophilesBasophilNeutrophilsAgranulocytesLymphocytesMonocytesOrder of Leukocyte Abundance?Granulocyte FunctionsRed Blood Cells: ErythrocytesAbout Red Blood CellsHemoglobinSlide 36The binding and releasing of oxygen by hemoglobinYour RBC Count is low: ANEMIA?Control of Erythrocyte ProductionControl of Erythrocyte Production: HomeostasisFate of ErythrocytesStopDestruction of RBCsSickle Cell AnemiaSUBSTITUTION MUTATIONDifferent Amino Acid Results in Different Blood Protein StructureSlide 47Slide 48HematocritDietary Factors for RBC productionGoing to the Mountains Today?Leukocyte Levels in the BloodWhat is Hemostasis?Platelets (Thrombocytes)SO..What is the ROLE OF A PLATELET in Hemostasis?Slide 56Blood Coagulation: ClottingUndesirable ClottingSlide 60Slide 61Human Blood GroupsABO Blood GroupsSlide 64Slide 65Agglutination of ErythrocytesSlide 67ABO Blood TypingAntigens and AntibodiesABO GroupSlide 71Rh GroupRH FactorHemolytic Disease of NewbornBLOODWilliam Harvey- father of physiology: discovered that blood circulated through the body in 1628.Blood..a liquid “tissue”???How are Tissue Classified ?(AGAIN) Epithelial- lining or covering and glandular tissue. Muscle- highly specialized to contractNervous- irritability and conductivityConnective- Connects body parts; Must be living cells surrounded by a matrix. Example: Bone (cells sitting in lacunae in hardened matrix of calcium salts in Collagen fibers)•Blood is considered to be a type of connective tissue. Even though it has a different function in comparison to other connective tissues it does have an extracellular matrix. •The matrix is the plasma and erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are suspended in the plasma. ---------------------------------------------------------------Blood•The only fluid tissue in the human body•Classified as a connective tissue–Living cells = formed elements–Non-living matrix = plasma1. Appearance of Blood Samples during Recovery of WBCsWhole blood in the collection tubeBlood after centrifugation WBCs and RBCs after plasma removalTop view of the WBCs (buffy coat)Top view of sample after WBC removalThese are the Functions of Blood. Can You Elaborate?•Transport- •Protection.•RegulationCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsBloodFigure 10.1Physical Characteristics of Blood•Color range–Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red–Oxygen-poor blood is dull red•pH must remain between 7.35–7.45•Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperatureBlood Plasma•Composed of approximately 90 percent water•Includes many dissolved substances–Nutrients–Salts (metal ions)–Respiratory gases–Hormones–Proteins–Waste productsPlasma Proteins•Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure•Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured•Antibodies – help protect the body from antigensFormed Elements•Erythrocytes = red blood cells•Leukocytes = white blood cells•Platelets = cell fragmentsPhotomicrograph of a Blood SmearFigure 10.2Embryonic Stem Cells•Stem Cells- are undifferentiated cells and remain that way for a long period of time. They have ability to specialize into any type of tissue thus have “plasticity”. They can be used to generated any kind of tissue and have great therapeutic potential.Embryonic Stems cells- have much greater degree of plasticity than adult stems.Blastocyst5-6 day old embryo; about 120 cells big;ES cells derived from its inner mass. Embryonic Stem cells are Totipotent Their differentiation abililty has no limits.Hemopoiesis•Adult produces 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs and 10 billion WBCs every day•Hemopoietic tissues produce blood cells–yolk sac produces stem cells •colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen and thymus–liver stops producing blood cells at birth–spleen remains involved with WBC production•lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs in widely distributed lymphoid tissues (thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and peyers patches in intestines)–red bone marrow •pluripotent stem cells•myeloid hemopoiesis produces RBCs, WBCs and plateletsHematopoiesis•Occurs in red bone marrow from •All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) Pleuripotent•Hemocytoblast differentiation–Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes–Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elementsAdult Stem Cell (example: Hematopeoetic Stem CellAll of These Blood Cells From One Hematoblast Stem Cell!Leukocyte Terms•Leukocytosis- A rise in production of WBC count, usually due to response to infection. •Leukopenia- Abnormally Low WBC count•Leukemia-.bone marrow becomes cancerous. WBCs abnormally high.Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)•Crucial in the body’s defense against disease•These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles•Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)•Can move by ameboid motion•Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissuesTypes of Leukocytes•Granulocytes–Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained–Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophilsFigure 10.4Eosinophiles•Function: Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes; allergens•Release enzymes to weaken or destroy parasites such as worms.•Appearance: Nuceus has 2 large lobesBasophil•Appearance: •Function: Secretes Histamine,( a vasodilator)•Secretes heparin ( an anticoagulant)NeutrophilsAppearance• Nucleus usually with 3-5 lobes in S-C shaped arrayFunctions: Phagocytosis of bacteriaRelease of antimicrobial chemicalsAgranulocytes•Lymphocytes–Nucleus fills most of the cell–Play an important role in the immune response•Monocytes–Largest of the white blood cells–Function as macrophages–Important in fighting chronic infectionLymphocytes•These are cells involved in the….. IMMUNE RESPONSEThere are: B-Lymphocytes and T-LymphocytesMonocytes•Largest of the WBCs•They resemble lymphocytes however they contain much more cytoplasm.