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Cardiovascular System (A&P)The Cardiovascular SystemThe HeartThe Heart: CoveringsSlide 5The Heart: Heart WallExternal Heart AnatomyMyocardium = Muscular Wall =Cardiac MuscleThe Heart: ChambersThe Heart: Associated Great VesselsBlood VesselsBlood CirculationSlide 14Slide 15Dichotomous Functions for Left & Right Side of HeartSlide 17What are the Heart Valves?A Mitral’s HeadressThe Heart: ValvesSlide 21Slide 22What Can Go Wrong With Valves?Mitral Valve ProlapseREGURGITANT VALVEHow Does My Heart Beat?Heart ContractionsThe Heart: Conduction SystemSlide 29Why Does My Heart Beating Faster or Slower?Sympathetic Nervous SystemSlide 32The Pathway Back To the HeartCritical Factor Concerning Arteries: ELASTICYThe Pressure Continuously falls As We Go From Start To Finish !VITAL SIGNSPressure PointsResting Heart RateSlide 39Starling’s LawSlide 41Factors Affecting Blood Pressure120/80? Where’d ga get these?The Heart: Cardiac CycleSlide 45Blood PressureSo How Doe it Work?Measuring Arterial Blood PressureSlide 49Slide 50Peripheral ResistanceFactors Affecting Blood PressureSlide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Movement of Blood Through VesselsCapillary BedsSlide 59Diffusion at Capillary BedsLowly, Bad Guys (LDLs)H is for Healthy HDLsSlide 63Slide 64PlateletsRF: SMOKINGRF: INACTIVITYRF: DiabetesRF: HYPERTENSIONSlide 71Slide 72Role of Gender in CVDTriglyceridesBalloon AngioplastySlide 76Slide 77CORONARY BYPASS SURGERYSlide 79Cardiovascular System (A&P)The Cardiovascular System•A closed system of the heart and blood vessels–The heart pumps blood–Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body•The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste productsThe HeartFigure 11.1The Heart: Coverings•Pericardium – a double serous membrane–Visceral pericardium•Next to heart–Parietal pericardium•Outside layer•Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardiumThe Heart: Heart Wall•Three layers–Epicardium•Outside layer•This layer is the parietal pericardium•Connective tissue layer–Myocardium•Middle layer•Mostly cardiac muscle–Endocardium•Inner layer•EndotheliumExternal Heart AnatomyFigure 11.2a•Myocardium is criss-crossed and arranged in figure 8-shaped bundles shown in (b). MYOCARDIUM IS CRISS-CROSSEDMyocardium = Muscular Wall =Cardiac Muscle• •Intercalated disks convey the force of contraction from cell to cell and propagate action potentials•Muscle tissue is CONTRACTILE tissue.•Cardiac Muscle Cells are Small, w/ a single nucleus. Short cells. •Involuntary contractionsThe Heart: Chambers•Right and left side act as separate pumps•Four chambers–Atria–Receiving chambers»Right atrium»Left atrium–Ventricles•Discharging chambers–Right ventricle–Left ventricleFigure 11.2cThe Heart: Associated Great Vessels•Aorta–Leaves left ventricle•Pulmonary arteries–Leave right ventricle•Vena cava–Enters right atrium•Pulmonary veins (four)–Enter left atriumBlood Vessels•Arteries- Are have thick walls and are Elastic. They Carry blood away from the heart. Arteries become smaller arterioles and branch into capillaries. •Veins-Carry blood to the Heart. Veins become smaller venules and and connect with the capillaries•Capillaries - Exchanges between cells and nutrients/oxygen occur here only.Blood CirculationFigure 11.3DOUBLE PUMPDichotomous Functions for Left & Right Side of Heart•Left Side: Collects oxygen-rich blood, which has just passed through the lungs, and pumps it to the rest of the body and brain. The is called systemic circulation.•Right Side : Collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and brain and pumps to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. This is called pulmonary circulation.What are the Heart Valves?• These ensure that blood flows in one direction..no back flow•2 are the atrioventricular valves and 2 are the semilunar valves.•Artioventricular: Bicuspid has 2 cusps or valves and Tricupid has 3. •Semilunar valves are found within entrances of arteries extending from ventricles•PULMONARY semilunar and AORTIC semilunarA Mitral’s HeadressThe Heart: Valves•Allow blood to flow in only one direction•Four valves–Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles•Bicuspid valve (left)(also called Mitral)•Tricuspid valve (right) –Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery•Pulmonary semilunar valve•Aortic semilunar valveThe Heart: Valves•Valves open as blood is pumped through•Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)•Close to prevent backflowWhat Can Go Wrong With Valves?Scarred Valves Sometimes become STENOTIC (THEY CUFFS BECOME STIFFED AND CONSTRICT…DON”T OPEN) Valvular StenosisHeart then overworks to force blood through and valves become enlarged Backflow (regurgitation) through these new incompetent valves creates turbulence or HEART MURMER.Mitral Valve Prolapse•One or both of the bicuspid valve cusps bulge into the atrium during vertricular contraction. •Hereditary: 1in 40, more in women•In many cases no serious problems but may cause chest pain , fatigue and shortness of breath.REGURGITANT VALVE•HEART VALVES THAT STAY OPEN•OR ARE TOO WIDE AND LET BACKFLOW OF BLOOD INTO VENTRICLEHow Does My Heart Beat? Intrinsically by the NODAL System:Heart ContractionsFigure 11.5The Heart: Conduction System•Special tissue sets the pace•Sinoatrial node–Pacemaker•Atrioventricular node•Atrioventricular bundle•Bundle branches•Purkinje fibers•Vasodilation- BLOOD VESSEL ENLARGES•Vasoconstriction- BLOOD VESSEL CONSTRICTSWhy Does My Heart Beating Faster or Slower?•Several Reasons: But Remember the input of the ANS:The Autonomic Nervous System:Sympathetic Nervous: Fight or Flight- speeds it up Parasympathetic slows it down•Remember that SNS and PNS are for the most part antagonistic.Sympathetic Nervous System•Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are both produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands. •These hormones are produced during times of stress..such as fear or extreme exercise. •Result: Increase in contraction, heart rate and blood pressure.Blood Vessels•Arteries- Are have thick walls and are Elastic. They Carry blood away from the heart. Arteries become smaller arterioles and branch into capillaries. •Veins-Carry blood to the Heart. Veins become smaller venules and and connect with the capillaries•Capillaries - Exchanges


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RCC AMY 10 - Study Notes

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