Slide 1A&PWhat Does it Mean to Be Human?Characteristics of ALL lifeLevels of OrganizationSlide 6Organ System Overview:Slide 8What do We Mean By Homeostasis?HOMEOSTASISSome aspects of the internal environment that are homeostatically controlledElements of a Homeostatic Control SystemExercise: Induced Disturbances to Homeostasis There are 2 Types of Feedback: Negative and PositiveHow Do We Maintain Homeostasis?Negative Feedback MechanismsNegative FeedbackSlide 18Example of Negative Feedback: Blood Glucose RegulationNegative Feedback: Temperature Regulation (pg 489)Why This is Negative FeedbackPositive FeedbackAn Example of Positive Feedback: Giving BirthPositive Feedback: BIRTHLanguage of AnatomySections and PlanesSagittal Section of the BrainTransverse Section of Human AbdomenSlide 29Slide 30Surface AnatomyAnatomical DefinitionsBody CavitiesVisceraBody RegionsAbdominal Pelvic SurfaceSmaller Cavities of the HeadThoracic and Abdominopelvic (Serous) MembranesSerous MembranesVirtual Rat DissectionPrepare to Dissect1. The First Incision2. Continued Incision3 . Lateral Cuts4. Deeper IncisionsDiseaseNew Diagnostic TechniquesMRISlide 49PET?What Kind of Info Does A PET Give???What is Anatomy and Physiology?A&PAnatomy- Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts. Study of “form”. Gross Anatomy: you can see these structures with the naked eye. i.e (a femur) Microanatomy, also called histology views the tissues of large structures to see their cellular detail: i.e slide of femur tissue. Physiology- Study of function. It is largely a study of the body’s processes related to homeostasis.What Does it Mean to Be Human?•Belong to order of mammals: PRIMATES•Opposable thumbs, make hands Prehensile (able to grasp).•Eyes are forward-facing allowing for sterioscopic vision which gives depth perception. •Bipedalism- Standing upright and walking on two legsCharacteristics of ALL life •Organization (characterized by levels)•Cellular Composition-living things are always compartmentalized into one or more cells.•Metabolism- they take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them to make more of themselves; metabolism includes: catabolism-breaks down molecules and anabolism -builds molecules and also excretion-elimination of metabolic wastes•Response to Stimuli-ability to sense changes and react•Homeostasis-ability to maintain internal stability•Development- any change in form or growth over lifetime.•Reproduction-ability to produce a copy of oneselfLevels of OrganizationFrom the simplest to most complex level of organization in the body:1. Atoms which form mostly molecules.2. Cells- smallest units of living things. 3. Tissues- groups of cells which combine to have a common function.4. Organ- 2 or more tissues performing specific function.5. Organ System- Group of organs working together for a common purpose.Organ System Overview:. Cardiovascular- Transport of nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells Endocrine: Controls body activities slowly through the use of chemicals called HORMONES which travel in blood to from gland to distant target organs. Respiratory: Keeps bloods supplies with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide from blood. Digestion: Breakdown of food and absorbsion of nutrients into blood.Urinary: Maintenance of water balance; acid/base balance; excretion of nitrogenous wastes products.*Which organs belong to each system??? Be familiar. Systems Continued on next slide…….•Integumentary- External support and protection of body; helps maintain body temperature•Skeletal- Internal support, movement and production of blood cells.•Muscular- Body movement, production of heat •Nervous system- Regulatory centers for control of all body systems; Learning and memory.•Reproductive- Production of sperm and egg; fertilization and development• Lymphatic: Helps to cleanse the blood and is involved in IMMUNITY (fighting disease)What do We Mean By Homeostasis?HOMEOSTASIS•Homeostasis is a dynamic constancy or equilibrium of the parameters of our bodies. The parameters include factors such as blood glucose concentrations, blood pH, body temperature, and blood ion concentrations to name a few. •The term dynamic (changeable) is important here, because these levels are not absolutely stable or unchangeable, but are maintained within a relatively narrow range.Some aspects of the internal environment that are homeostatically controlled1.Temperature – normally 36 to 38 ° C 2.Fluid Volume – varies with individual body size 3.Glucose concentration – normally 75-95 mg/dL 4.Sodium concentration – normally 138-145 mmol/L 5.pH – normally 7.35-7.45Elements of a Homeostatic Control System1. Sensor: this detects a change in the internal environment 2. Control Center (Regulatory Center): determines set point and analyzes incoming information to determine appropriate response. 3. Effector: Reverses the change and brings things back to normal againExercise: Induced Disturbances to Homeostasis222222 22222222 1.Increased heat generation 2.2Increased oxygen use 2222222222 3.Increased carbon dioxide production 222222 4.Increased lactic acid production Fluid loss due to sweating5.Increased energy requirement – high glucose use •There are 2 Types of Feedback: Negative and PositiveNegative Feedback - is called negative due to the fact that you are doing the OPPOSITE process. For example, if you body temperature is too high..negative feedback causes the temperature to DECREASE .Positive Feedback is a cascade and there is an increase in effect.How Do We Maintain Homeostasis?•We maintain it with FEEDBACK LOOPS•We have receptors throughout our bodies; when levels are out of homeostasis; feedback loops are activated.•Mostly NEGATIVE FEEDBACK loopsNegative Feedback Mechanisms The net effect of the response to the stimulus is the SHUT OFF the original stimulus OR reduce its intensity.Negative Feedback This is the Most common control mechanism!When Levels of hormone in blood or body return to Normal levels homeostasis shuts off loop at the hypothalamus and pituitary ( Most common Negative Feedback Loop)Example of Negative Feedback: Blood Glucose RegulationNegative Feedback: Temperature Regulation (pg 489)Why This is Negative Feedback•Beta Cells of Pancreas Release insulin in response to high sugar•Ultimately the INSULIN is turned off when sugar level returns to normalPositive FeedbackThe initial