The Heart and Cardiovascular SystemIntro to Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy of the HeartAnatomy of Heart - LayersWalls of the HeartChambers and Vessels of HeartCirculationAtrioventricular ValvesSemilunar ValvesCardiac CirculationPhysiology of the HeartHow does your heart keep rhythm?Slide 13DefinitionsMid-to-Late DiastoleVentricular SystoleEarly DiastoleCardiac OutputModifying Heart RateANS control on HRChemical ControlPhysical ControlsBlood Vessels in the Vascular SystemArteries vs VeinsSlide 25CapillariesGas ExchangeVital SignsArterial PulseBlood PressureMeasuring Blood PressureAtherosclerosisThe EndThe Heart and The Heart and Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystemChapter 11Chapter 11Intro to Cardiovascular SystemIntro to Cardiovascular SystemTransportation – Of what?Transportation – Of what?Force to move blood provided by heart Force to move blood provided by heart and blood pressureand blood pressureArteries and Veins are roadwaysArteries and Veins are roadwaysAnatomy of the HeartAnatomy of the HeartSize of fist, hollow, Size of fist, hollow, 1lb.1lb.Mediastinum – medial Mediastinum – medial cavity of thoraxcavity of thoraxApex vs BaseApex vs BaseFigure 11.1cAnatomy of Heart - LayersAnatomy of Heart - LayersPericardium – made of 2 layersPericardium – made of 2 layersFibrous pericardium – loose fitting, protects and Fibrous pericardium – loose fitting, protects and anchorsanchorsSerous pericardium – slippery, 2 layersSerous pericardium – slippery, 2 layersParietal layer – lines inside of fibrous pericardiumParietal layer – lines inside of fibrous pericardiumVisceral layer (epicardium) – heart wall, serous fluidVisceral layer (epicardium) – heart wall, serous fluidFigure 11.2bWalls of the HeartWalls of the HeartEpicardium – outer, visceral layer of serous pericardiumEpicardium – outer, visceral layer of serous pericardiumMyocardium – thick layer cardiac muscle, contractionMyocardium – thick layer cardiac muscle, contractionEndocardium – thin sheet of endothelium, lines Endocardium – thin sheet of endothelium, lines chambers, continuous with vessels leaving and entering chambers, continuous with vessels leaving and entering heartheartFigure 11.2bChambers and Vessels of HeartChambers and Vessels of Heart4 chambers4 chambersVeins – move Veins – move toward heart, low toward heart, low OO22 blood bloodArteries – away Arteries – away from heart, high from heart, high OO22 blood blood2 exceptions2 exceptionsThickness of Thickness of wallswallsFigure 11.2cCirculationCirculationPulmonary Circuit – Pulmonary Circuit – carry blood to lungs carry blood to lungs for gas exchange and for gas exchange and return to heartreturn to heartSystem Circuit – System Circuit – supplies nutrient and supplies nutrient and O2 blood to organs, O2 blood to organs, removes waste removes waste productsproductsFigure 11.3Atrioventricular ValvesAtrioventricular ValvesAV valves – between AV valves – between atruim and ventricleatruim and ventricleLt valve = bicuspid, Lt valve = bicuspid, mitral, 2 flapsmitral, 2 flapsRt valve = tricuspid, 3 Rt valve = tricuspid, 3 flapsflapsChordae TendineaeChordae TendineaeFigure 11.5aSemilunar ValvesSemilunar ValvesAlso known as pulmonary Also known as pulmonary and aortic semilunar and aortic semilunar valvesvalves3 leaflets3 leafletsProtect vessels leaving Protect vessels leaving heartheartOpen as ventricle Open as ventricle contracts, relaxes they contracts, relaxes they closeclosePrevents arterial blood Prevents arterial blood from flowing backfrom flowing backFigure 11.5bCardiac CirculationCardiac CirculationBlood contained in Blood contained in heart does not heart does not support it.support it.Coronary arteries Coronary arteries branch from aorta and branch from aorta and support muscle tissuesupport muscle tissueDrained by cardiac Drained by cardiac veinsveinsFigure 11.2aPhysiology of the HeartPhysiology of the HeartIn 1 day, pushes body supply of blood In 1 day, pushes body supply of blood through blood vessels over 1000xthrough blood vessels over 1000x6000 quarts of blood in 1 day6000 quarts of blood in 1 dayHow does your heart keep rhythm?How does your heart keep rhythm?Cardiac muscles can contract Cardiac muscles can contract spontaneously when nerves severedspontaneously when nerves severedCells in different parts of heart contract at Cells in different parts of heart contract at different rhythms.different rhythms.Is this a problem?Is this a problem?Artrial cells 60x/minArtrial cells 60x/minVentricular cells 20-40x/minVentricular cells 20-40x/minInefficient pump!Inefficient pump!How does your heart keep rhythm?How does your heart keep rhythm?2 systems regulate 2 systems regulate rhythmrhythmANS – inc. or dec. ANS – inc. or dec. heart rateheart rateIntrinsic conduction Intrinsic conduction system – nodal systemsystem – nodal systemSets basic rhythmSets basic rhythmCauses muscle Causes muscle depolarization in only 1 depolarization in only 1 directiondirectionStarts at SA node every Starts at SA node every heart beatheart beatSA is pacemakerSA is pacemakerFigure 11.6DefinitionsDefinitionsTachycardia = rapid heart rate, over Tachycardia = rapid heart rate, over 100b/min100b/minBradycardia = lower heart rate, under Bradycardia = lower heart rate, under 60b/min60b/minSystole = means contractionSystole = means contractionDiastole = means relaxationDiastole = means relaxationBoth used in reference to ventriclesBoth used in reference to ventriclesCardiac cycle = 1 complete heartbeat, atria Cardiac cycle = 1 complete heartbeat, atria and ventricles, avg 75b/minand ventricles, avg 75b/minMid-to-Late DiastoleMid-to-Late DiastoleHeart relaxed, pressure in heart lowHeart relaxed, pressure in heart lowBlood flowing from atria to ventricles from Blood flowing from atria to ventricles from pulmonary and systemic circuitspulmonary and systemic circuitsSemilunar valves closed, AV openSemilunar valves closed, AV openAtria contract forcing blood into ventriclesAtria contract forcing blood into ventriclesFigure 11.7Ventricular SystoleVentricular SystoleContraction of ventricles, pressure increases Contraction of ventricles, pressure increases AV valves closed, semilunar openAV valves closed, semilunar openAtria relaxed and filling with bloodAtria relaxed and filling with bloodFigure 11.7Early DiastoleEarly DiastoleVentricles relaxVentricles relaxSemilunar valves shut, ventricles closed