Cells and TissueCellsCellsAnatomy of Generalized CellAnatomy of Generalized Cell NucleusNucleus Nuclear EnvelopeNucleus NucleoliNucleus ChromatinPlasma MembranePlasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayerPlasma Membrane Proteins in membranePlasma Membrane SpecializationsCytoplasmCytoplasm CytosolCytoplasm Organelles and InclusionsOrganelles MitochondriaOrganelles RibosomesOrganelles Endoplasmic ReticulumOrganelles Endoplasmic Reticulum - REROrganelles Endoplasmic Reticulum - SEROrganelles Golgi ApparatusOrganelles Lysosomes and PeroxisomesOrganelles CytoskeletonOrganelles CentriolesMade up of 4 elementsMade up of 4 elementsC,O,H,N C,O,H,N smaller elements Casmaller elements Ca2+2+, Fe, Fe60% water, essential for 60% water, essential for lifelifeBathed in dilute saltwater Bathed in dilute saltwater solution = interstitial fluidsolution = interstitial fluidExchanges between blood Exchanges between blood and cells through and cells through interstitial fluidinterstitial fluidhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jan/08/stem-cells-bone-marrow-heart-attackRange in length - Range in length - 22μμm-1+mm-1+mStructure reflects Structure reflects functionfunctionDiscDiscThreadlike extensionsThreadlike extensionsToothpick shapedToothpick shapedFunction variesFunction variesPhagocytosisPhagocytosisSynthesize hormonesSynthesize hormonesCleanse bloodCleanse bloodhttp://www.wereyouwondering.com/what-is-the-smallest-cell-in-the-human-body/http://www.ngfn.de/englisch/glossar443.htmNo 2 cell types the No 2 cell types the same, some same, some functions common functions common to allto allNucleus, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma Cytoplasm, Plasma membranemembraneFigure 3.4Control centerControl centerGene-containingGene-containingGenetic material Genetic material DNADNAInstructions for building Instructions for building proteinsproteinsNecessary for cell Necessary for cell reproductionreproductionUsually round or Usually round or oval, but conforms oval, but conforms to shape of cellto shape of cellNuclear EnvelopeNuclear EnvelopeNucleoliNucleoliChromatinChromatinNucleus bound by Nucleus bound by double membranedouble membraneSpace between layers Space between layers filled with fluidfilled with fluidNuclear pores – points Nuclear pores – points where two layers fusewhere two layers fuseSelectively permeable, Selectively permeable, but large poresbut large poresEncloses nucleoplasm Encloses nucleoplasm – suspends nuclear – suspends nuclear elementselementsSmall, round bodySmall, round bodySite for ribosome Site for ribosome assemblyassemblyRibosomes Ribosomes migrate to migrate to cytoplasm, site of cytoplasm, site of protein synthesisprotein synthesisWhen cell not When cell not dividing, DNA dividing, DNA associated with associated with proteinsproteinsLoose coiling of Loose coiling of DNA and proteins DNA and proteins called chromatincalled chromatinWhen cell is When cell is dividing, DNA and dividing, DNA and proteins condense to proteins condense to form chromosomesform chromosomesSeparates cell Separates cell from surroundingsfrom surroundingsLipid bilayer (tail Lipid bilayer (tail to tail) – protein to tail) – protein molecules floatmolecules floatPhospholipidsPhospholipidsCholesterol – keeps Cholesterol – keeps membrane fluidmembrane fluidFigure 3.2Semi-permeableSemi-permeableHeads of phospholipids Heads of phospholipids hydrophilic – attracted hydrophilic – attracted to water in extra and to water in extra and intercellular fluidintercellular fluidTails are hydrophobic – Tails are hydrophobic – avoid water and line up avoid water and line up in centerin centerStructure keeps polar Structure keeps polar molecules from passing molecules from passing through membranethrough membraneSpecialized function of Specialized function of membranemembraneReceptorsReceptorsEnzymesEnzymesAnchorsAnchorsTransportTransportChannelsChannelsGlycoproteins – sugars Glycoproteins – sugars attached to proteinsattached to proteinsSurface of cell sticky, Surface of cell sticky, fuzzy = glycocalyxfuzzy = glycocalyxDetermine blood type, Determine blood type, receptors bacteria, receptors bacteria, viruses, toxins bind toviruses, toxins bind toCell to cell interactionCell to cell interactionSee changes here when See changes here when cell becomes cancerouscell becomes cancerousMicrovilli – fingerlike Microvilli – fingerlike projections that increase SA projections that increase SA (intestines) for absorption, (intestines) for absorption, speedspeedMembrane junctions Membrane junctions Tight junctions – impermeable Tight junctions – impermeable junctions, bind cells together, junctions, bind cells together, small intestine digestive enzymes small intestine digestive enzymes into bloodinto bloodGap Junctions – Communication, Gap Junctions – Communication, chemical signals or nutrients chemical signals or nutrients pass directly. Neighbors pass directly. Neighbors connected through connexons – connected through connexons – hollow proteins –heart and hollow proteins –heart and embryonic cellsembryonic cellsDesmosomes – Anchoring, Desmosomes – Anchoring, prevents cells prone to stress prevents cells prone to stress from separating - skinfrom separating - skinButtons of PM with fine protein Buttons of PM with fine protein filaments. Thick filaments from plaques filaments. Thick filaments from plaques on one to side to otheron one to side to otherFigure 3.3Outside nucleus, Outside nucleus, inside PMinside PMFactory areaFactory area3 major elements3 major elementsCytosolCytosolOrganellesOrganellesInclusionsInclusionsSemitransparenSemitransparent fluid suspends t fluid suspends other thingsother thingsMostly waterMostly waterNutrientsNutrientsOther solutesOther solutesOrganellesOrganellesMetabolic machineryMetabolic machinerySpecialized functionsSpecialized functionsInclusionsInclusionsChemical substances Chemical substances that vary depending that vary depending on cell typeon cell typeMost stored nutrients Most stored nutrients or cell productsor cell productsLipids-fat cellsLipids-fat cellsGlycogen – liver & muscle Glycogen – liver & muscle cellscellsPigments (melanin) – skin Pigments (melanin) – skin & hair& hairDouble membrane =