Skeletal SystemComponents of the Skeletal SystemFunctions of BonesClassification of BonesClassification based on ShapeStructure of a Long BoneSlide 7Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneSlide 9Bone Formation, Growth, and RemodelingOssificationBone Growth - LengtheningBone Growth - WideningBone RemodelingSlide 15Bone FracturesBone RepairAxial Skeleton Bones of SkullCranium BonesFacial Bones and DamageInfant vs Adult SkullVertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnHerniated DiscsAbnormal Spine CurvaturesThoracic CageRibsAppendicular Skeleton Shoulder GirdleUpper LimbsPelvic GirdleLower LimbsJointsSlide 33Slide 34Diseases of the JointsOsteoarthritisRheumatoid Arthritis (RA)Gouty ArthritisThe EndSkeletal SystemSkeletal SystemChapter 5Chapter 5Components of the Skeletal Components of the Skeletal SystemSystemSkeleton subdividedSkeleton subdivided–Axial Skeleton-Axial Skeleton-longitudinal axis of bodylongitudinal axis of body–Appendicular Skeleton-Appendicular Skeleton-limbs and girdleslimbs and girdlesSkeletal System Skeletal System includesincludes–Joints – 3 typesJoints – 3 types–Cartilages – 3 typesCartilages – 3 typesHyaline, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, ElasticElastic–Ligaments – bone to boneLigaments – bone to bonehttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/skeleton.htmlFunctions of BonesFunctions of BonesSupportSupport: framework: frameworkProtectionProtection: protect soft body organs: protect soft body organsexamples?examples?Movement: Movement: skeletal muscles attached to skeletal muscles attached to bones via tendonsbones via tendonsStorageStorage: fats in the internal cavities of bones : fats in the internal cavities of bones and minerals such as Caand minerals such as Ca++++ and Phosphorus. and Phosphorus.Blood cell formationBlood cell formation: hematopoiesis (blood : hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) – marrow cavities of some cell formation) – marrow cavities of some bones.bones.Classification of BonesClassification of BonesTwo types of Two types of osseous tissueosseous tissue–Compact bone-Compact bone-dense, smooth, dense, smooth, homogeneoushomogeneous–Spongy bone-Spongy bone-needlelike pieces of needlelike pieces of bone and lots of bone and lots of open space.open space.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/276196/101316/Longitudinal-section-of-the-humerus-showing-outer-compact-bone-andClassification based on Classification based on ShapeShapeFour groups Four groups 1) 1) Long bonesLong bones – longer than – longer than wide, shaft with heads at both wide, shaft with heads at both ends, mostly compact bone, all ends, mostly compact bone, all bones of limbs except patella, bones of limbs except patella, wrist, anklewrist, ankle2) 2) Short bonesShort bones – cube shaped, – cube shaped, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle, sesamoid bonessesamoid bones3) 3) Flat bonesFlat bones – thin, flattened, – thin, flattened, usually curved, outer layers of usually curved, outer layers of compact bone sandwich compact bone sandwich spongy, skull, ribs, sternumspongy, skull, ribs, sternum4) 4) Irregular bonesIrregular bones – don’t fit – don’t fit previous categories, hip bones, previous categories, hip bones, vertebrae vertebrae http://www.aclasta.co.nz/osteoporosis/index.htmStructure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long BoneDiaphysis Diaphysis - shaft- shaftPeriosteum Periosteum - fibrous connective - fibrous connective tissue membranetissue membraneEndosteumEndosteumSharpey’s fibers -Sharpey’s fibers - perforating perforating fibers connect periosteum to fibers connect periosteum to boneboneEpiphyses Epiphyses - ends, compact bone - ends, compact bone enclosing spongyenclosing spongyArticular cartilageArticular cartilage - covers - covers epiphyses, glassy hyaline epiphyses, glassy hyaline cartilage-decreases frictioncartilage-decreases frictionEpiphyseal lineEpiphyseal line - adult bones, - adult bones, epiphyseal plate in growing epiphyseal plate in growing bones, hyaline cartilage, growth, bones, hyaline cartilage, growth, replaced by bone in pubertyreplaced by bone in pubertyhttp://www.curehandpain.com/images/bone/long_bone.gifStructure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long BoneMedullary cavity – Medullary cavity – 1) adults - yellow marrow1) adults - yellow marrow2) infants – red marrow2) infants – red marrow- in adults red marrow - in adults red marrow confined to spongy bone of confined to spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bonessome long bonesBone Markings – Table 5.1 Bone Markings – Table 5.1 projections vs depressionsprojections vs depressionsex. Trochanter, Foramenex. Trochanter, Foramenhttp://www.curehandpain.com/images/bone/long_bone.gifMicroscopic Anatomy of Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneLong BoneOsteocytes – mature Osteocytes – mature bone cellsbone cellsLacunae – cavities Lacunae – cavities where osteocytes where osteocytes foundfoundLamellae – circles Lamellae – circles lacunae foundlacunae foundHaversian canals – Haversian canals – center of lamellaecenter of lamellaeOsteon – lamellae + Osteon – lamellae + Haversian canalHaversian canalCanaliculiCanaliculiVolkmann’s canalsVolkmann’s canalshttp://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/images/Image269.gifMicroscopic Anatomy of Microscopic Anatomy of Long BoneLong BoneOsteocytes – mature Osteocytes – mature bone cellsbone cellsLacunae – cavities Lacunae – cavities where osteocytes where osteocytes foundfoundLamellae – circles Lamellae – circles lacunae foundlacunae foundHaversian canals – Haversian canals – center of lamellaecenter of lamellaeOsteon – lamellae + Osteon – lamellae + Haversian canalHaversian canalCanaliculiCanaliculiVolkmann’s canalsVolkmann’s canalshttp://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab8/IMAGES/OSTEON%20AND%20INTERSTITIAL%20SYSTEM.jpgBone Formation, Growth, Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodelingand RemodelingSkeleton formed Skeleton formed from bone and from bone and cartilagecartilageEmbryos vs young Embryos vs young childrenchildrenCartilage remains Cartilage remains in nose, parts of in nose, parts of ribs, jointsribs, jointsOssificationOssification – bone – bone
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