PSCY 360 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-15Lecture 10 (September 30)EthicsResearch must be ethical and not harmful to the participants in any form. If there is harm done to the participants the benefits from the research must outweigh the bad. A controversial study is the “bloomer” study discussed in chapter three.Lecture 11 (October 2)The SelfSelf-Awareness- the ability to understand we are a distinct person – thinking about yourselfSelf-Awareness comes in a variety of levels. At times we can be more self-aware than other times.When a person is being self-aware and asks if he/she is being the person he/she wants to be positive or negative emotions can occur.If the answer is no then negative emotions such as guilt and shame can occur.If the answer is yes then positive emotions such as pride can occur.As humans we have the desire to avoid negative emotions that occur with being self-aware.We avoid these emotions by:- Justifying our actions- Avoid self-awareness- Change behavior- Forget standards- Lower StandardsRecall the study of non-sexist men having to recite sexist comments about women. 70% of the men sat with their backs toward the mirror to avoid looking at themselves after saying such sexist things. Lecture 12 (October 7)Consequences of Self-Awareness, Cognitive Dissonance, Self-Serving BiasesRecall the rationalizing study done with people having to perform a series of boring tasks and then take a survey with a question asking how enjoyable the tasks were. The control grouprated it as boring and then another group was told to do the same thing, but offered $20 bribe. The $20 bribe group rated the tasks at the same degree as the first group. Finally a thirdgroup was studied and offered a $1. These people rated the tasks as enjoyable. This is cognitive dissonance.Cognitive Dissonance- An unpleasant state caused by holding 2 or more inconsistent cognitions or beliefs.Lecture 13 (October 9)Relationship between Attitude and BehaviorAttitude- How much we like or dislike something.Attitude drives behavior – this is known as the Fundamental Assumption Rationalizing- to change our minds as a result of our behaviorCareful thought governs our attitudes and our attitudes govern our behavior.Sometimes we do not use careful thought and our prior behavior will govern our attitudes.Lecture 14 (October 14)Social Influence: Conformity Social Influence- occasions when a person’s thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors are influenced by others Different types of social influence:- Conformity- what happens when a person behaves like others- Compliance- when a person agrees to the requests made by others- Obedience- when a person agrees to the requests made by a person of authority -DEMANDS There are two types of conformity: - Public Conformity- Behaving as others behave even if we think they are wrong- Private Conformity- thinking, feeling, and/or behaving as others because you think they are rightWe are all moral relativism beings.Moral Relativisim- figuring out what’s moral and immoral by consulting social standards Public VS. PrivateThink others are wrong? Yes NoAre we aware of having conformed ? Yes No, not usuallyFeeling of guilt? Yes NoLecture 15 (October 21)Conformity and Obedience Public conformity= thinking in your mind one thing, but announcing an answer everyone chose. Your actions don’t agree with what you are thinking.Private Conformity= Thinking something in your mind because of social influence and choosing what you’ve been thinking. So your public actions (those seen by people) agree withwhat you are thinking and with social influence. - Private conformity is agreeing with the group because you have no reason to think differently.Obedience- obeying commands from an authority figure.Recall the Milgram study where a person was told to administer shocks to another person for every wrong answer given to a series of questions. - This study implies that we believe people who seem to be professionals- And that we turn to others in a predicament Lecture 16 ( October 23)Losing One’s Self: Deindividuation Deindividuation- Being in a large group and losing one’s self-awareness – not thinking of yourself as an individual and not thinking of your standardsSuicide Baiting is a form of deindividuation. Most people would not tell someone standing on the edge of a bridge to jump to their death if they were alone with the suicidal person, but when a large group forms some may begin to instigate the jumper and many people’s actions transform to what the rest of the group is saying.Deindividuation can cause a normal person to do things that they would have never considered doing. The results of deindividuation can be good or bad. Recall the studies where people wore costumes and then were told to administer shocks to people. Those in a KKK costume shocked at higher volts and those in a nurse costume did