PSCY 360 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 10 15 Lecture 10 September 30 Ethics Research must be ethical and not harmful to the participants in any form If there is harm done to the participants the benefits from the research must outweigh the bad A controversial study is the bloomer study discussed in chapter three Lecture 11 October 2 The Self Self Awareness the ability to understand we are a distinct person thinking about yourself Self Awareness comes in a variety of levels At times we can be more self aware than other times When a person is being self aware and asks if he she is being the person he she wants to be positive or negative emotions can occur If the answer is no then negative emotions such as guilt and shame can occur If the answer is yes then positive emotions such as pride can occur As humans we have the desire to avoid negative emotions that occur with being self aware We avoid these emotions by Justifying our actions Avoid self awareness Change behavior Forget standards Lower Standards Recall the study of non sexist men having to recite sexist comments about women 70 of the men sat with their backs toward the mirror to avoid looking at themselves after saying such sexist things Lecture 12 October 7 Consequences of Self Awareness Cognitive Dissonance Self Serving Biases Recall the rationalizing study done with people having to perform a series of boring tasks and then take a survey with a question asking how enjoyable the tasks were The control group rated it as boring and then another group was told to do the same thing but offered 20 bribe The 20 bribe group rated the tasks at the same degree as the first group Finally a third group was studied and offered a 1 These people rated the tasks as enjoyable This is cognitive dissonance Cognitive Dissonance An unpleasant state caused by holding 2 or more inconsistent cognitions or beliefs Lecture 13 October 9 Relationship between Attitude and Behavior Attitude How much we like or dislike something Attitude drives behavior this is known as the Fundamental Assumption Rationalizing to change our minds as a result of our behavior Careful thought governs our attitudes and our attitudes govern our behavior Sometimes we do not use careful thought and our prior behavior will govern our attitudes Lecture 14 October 14 Social Influence Conformity Social Influence occasions when a person s thoughts feelings and or behaviors are influenced by others Different types of social influence Conformity what happens when a person behaves like others Compliance when a person agrees to the requests made by others Obedience when a person agrees to the requests made by a person of authority DEMANDS There are two types of conformity Public Conformity Behaving as others behave even if we think they are wrong Private Conformity thinking feeling and or behaving as others because you think they are right We are all moral relativism beings Moral Relativisim figuring out what s moral and immoral by consulting social standards Public VS Think others are wrong Yes Are we aware of having conformed Yes Feeling of guilt Yes Private No No not usually No Lecture 15 October 21 Conformity and Obedience Public conformity thinking in your mind one thing but announcing an answer everyone chose Your actions don t agree with what you are thinking Private Conformity Thinking something in your mind because of social influence and choosing what you ve been thinking So your public actions those seen by people agree with what you are thinking and with social influence Private conformity is agreeing with the group because you have no reason to think differently Obedience obeying commands from an authority figure Recall the Milgram study where a person was told to administer shocks to another person for every wrong answer given to a series of questions This study implies that we believe people who seem to be professionals And that we turn to others in a predicament Lecture 16 October 23 Losing One s Self Deindividuation Deindividuation Being in a large group and losing one s self awareness not thinking of yourself as an individual and not thinking of your standards Suicide Baiting is a form of deindividuation Most people would not tell someone standing on the edge of a bridge to jump to their death if they were alone with the suicidal person but when a large group forms some may begin to instigate the jumper and many people s actions transform to what the rest of the group is saying Deindividuation can cause a normal person to do things that they would have never considered doing The results of deindividuation can be good or bad Recall the studies where people wore costumes and then were told to administer shocks to people Those in a KKK costume shocked at higher volts and those in a nurse costume did not