PSCY 360 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 17-25Lecture 17 (October 30)BeautyWhat influences our idea of beauty? Define misattribution arousal. Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? What are the evolutionary factors of beauty?Culture influences our idea of beauty - Some cultures bind young girls’ necks with rings to elongate the neck- Examples of beauty manipulations in Western Societyo Tanningo Botoxo Steroids- These are all considered private conformity because we do them thinking it’s the right thing to do based on societyTime periods influence our idea our beauty- Compare super models of the past to today.o Marilyn Monroe compared to Kierra Knightly Situations influence our idea of beauty- This concept is known as situational malleability- The study of men where one condition was shown pictures of their wives after seeing a pornographic image then rated their wives attractiveness low and the other condition was shown pictures of their wives without seeing any other image prior rated their wives attractiveness high displays this concept- The study where men had to walk across a rickety bridge and was either approached immediately by a female and received her number before leaving or were not approached immediately, but still got the woman’s number. Those that were approached immediately were more like to call the woman than those that weren’t approached immediately. o Misattribution arousal- attributing arousal to something that didn’t cause it – Ex. The men calling the woman back thinking they had a connection with her based on their high arousal that came from walking across the scary bridgeBased on social psychology studies Beauty is in the eye of the beholder- Attractiveness is inherentEvolutionary factors for beauty - Attractive people procreate and their genes end up in the gene pool- Seek mates with good genes- Subtle patterns among womeno Women’s preferences for things like symmetry will vary over a particular time span – within a month due to the ovulation cycleo During the latter half of follicular phase conception likelihood is high and low in luteal phaseo Women prefer symmetry in men during the highest likelihood of conception Lecture 18 (November 4) Close RelationshipsWhy do we form pair bonds?Our closest relative – baboon – does not form pair bonds.Adaptive workaround- adaptation that circumvents pre-existing maladaptive features- Humans are born too early we know this because when a baby is born the skull has a soft spot where it is not completely formed. The soft spot allows the baby’s head to fit in the birth canal because our heads are too big. The adaptive problem is our big head and the adaptive workaround is the soft spot. - Other animals are able to walk hours after birth ex. Horses- Other adaptive workarounds for humans:o Problem- extended immaturity Workaround- Mother’s love for child Human mothers take care of their children for a lifetime unlike other animalso Problem- mother’s incapacitation Workaround- Father’s love for child&motherIt’s our genes to love – Selfish GeneLecture 19 (November 6)HelpingIs it human nature to be more helpful or aggressive? What happened to Kitty G.? Determine the steps of helping. What social and non-social roadblocks can interfere with helping? Definebystander phenomenon and pluralistic ignorance.In general people tend to be more helpful than aggressive. Kitty was stabbed numerous times in New York under a street light while plenty of people heard her screams, but no one stopped to call the police. Someone yelled at her attacker whofled. Kitty managed to make it inside a building where the attacker returned to stab her 8 more times and killed her. No one ever called the police.Steps of helping:0. Event Takes Place – Emergency happens1. Notice the event2. Interpret it as an emergency3. Take Charge 4. Decide how to help5. HELPRoadblocks:- Non-socialo Distraction- Socialo Distracted by other bystanderso Pluralistic Ignorance o Diffusion of ResponsibilityPluralistic Ignorance- assuming nothing is wrong because others appear unconcernedBystander Phenomenon- The tendency to be less likely to help when other bystanders are aroundLecture 20 (November 11)Benefits and Costs of HelpingWhat roadblocks occur where in the steps of helping? What are the costs and benefits of helping? Define audience inhibition. What are the high and low roads to helping?0. Event OccursDistraction1. NoticePluralistic Ignorance2. Interpret as an emergencyDiffusion of Responsibility 3. Take charge 4. Decide how to helpCost-Benefit Analysis – Audience inhibition5. HELPSocial Benefits of helping: Avoiding guiltSocial Costs of helping: Alters our own priorities, put myself at risk, financial,Non-social Benefits: Pride, Reputation Credit, ReciprocationNon-social Costs: Embarrassment of overactingPeople are more likely to help when they aren’t running late.Low Road to helping:- Other’s suffering cost-benefit analysis(if benefits outweigh costs) HelpHigh Road to helping: - Other’s suffering  Just helping because we empathizeLecture 21 (November 13)Aggression What are the key elements of aggression? Name and define three theories of aggression. Explain Jane Goodall’s study. Is aggression innate?Key Elements of Aggression:- Actual Behavior- Intent to Harm – Physical or Psychological- Needn’t be successful - MotivationsHobbes – The Natural State- Aggression is innate and the goal of institution is to keep the savage beast inside all humans tamed.Rouseau- Aggression is learned. Aggression is a product of society.Freud- Humans have two instincts – Eros (bringing life/having sex), Thanatos (death instinct)Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees – our closest relatives – she believed the animals were verydocile and calm natured until she witnessed a 4 year long war between two groups. The war only ended after one group killed every member of the other group. It is natural for those animals to be aggressive.It is innate that humans are aggressive.Lecture 22 (November 18)Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Define stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination. Explain the night in the Bronx study. Who is more likely to be seen holding a gun when show images of people holding different objects?Stereotypes- Beliefs about the traits that members of groups typically possessPrejudice: Disliking members of the groupDiscrimination: Behavior biased against members of the groupOne night in the Bronx