Psyc 360 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Benefits and costs of HelpingOutline of Current Lecture II. Aggression Current LectureKey Elements of Aggression- Actual Behavior- Intent to Harm – Physical or Psychological- Needn’t be successful - Motivationso Emotional - end goal is just to hurt the persono Instrumental – aggression is a means to an end Ex. You are starving, so you punch someone in the face to get their breadCognition  Behavior Violent thoughts  Aggressive Kid doesn’t email his mother back when he knows if he doesn’t she will feel hurt. This is an act of aggression = Psychological harm. Free will 0-100%- Stepping into a boxing ring as a professional boxer= 100% free will- Drafted into the Army- 0% Free will- Heart beating, breathing, etc. – 0%- Jumping up in the air – 100%Humans are aggressive species. The U.S. is a particularly aggressive nation.All sorts of causes for aggression. Is aggression innate?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Are we born to be aggressive?- Hobbes (1651) – “The Natural State”o A world with no laws and institutionso Aggression is innateo Goal of institution to keep the savage beast inside us humans tamed- Rouseau (1760’s)o Aggression is learnedo By living in a society we learn to be aggressiveo Aggression is a product of societyo Due to constraints imposed by society we become aggressive- Freudo 2 instinctso Eros - bringing life (having sex)o Thanatos – death instincto Battle of our mindSources we can turn to decide if aggression is innate:- Babies- Looking at societies that are less complex than ours can help decide if aggression is innateIf Learned Aggression If innateLo HiComplexity- Chimpanzees – our closest relatives o Jane Goodall’s study showed chimps are very docile creatures until she witnessed a war between two groups of chimps that last 4 years and only ended because one group totally annihilated the other group.o If it is human nature then is it ours to?o Aggressive in order to get resources neededo Alpha males are the only ones who can mate with the females. To become alpha male it must fight off the rest of the males.Aggression can be adaptive, so we expect it to be heritable- Aggressive genes can be passed onto the next generation- People who are related to one another should be more similar when it comes to aggressive traitso Twin studies – identical twins are more similar in terms of aggressiveness than fraternal twin. Meaning some of us are predisposed to being aggressive. It is innate that humans are aggressive.Testosterone gives rise to aggression. Increase in male puberty = increase in testosteroneIt is innate that humans are