Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Angiosperms enclosed seed Pollen Double fertilization Triploid endosperm Ovules in flowers enclosed by carpel Seeds in fruits enclosed by carpel Xylem contains vessel elements fibers Phloem contains companion cells Complex leaves Angiosperms 1 Bio 1B Fall 05 Professor Thomas Carlson 1 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu 2 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Importance of flowering plants Most species rich group of plants at least 250 000 Diversity in angiosperms Eucalyptus trees 100s of feet tall Aquatic duckweed 1 mm in diameter Source of most human food Epiphytes Rice wheat and corn are fruits of angiosperms Non photosynthetic parasites Insectivorous plants 3 4 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Gymnosperm naked seed Angiosperms Figs 30 3 30 6 Gymnosperm ovules are naked exposed to air when the ovuliferous scales of conifers separate to let pollen in Double fertilization Fig 30 10 38 6 Campbell One sperm fertilizes egg to form zygote Angiosperms enclosed seed Ovules surrounded by sporophytic tissues which create a barrier to outside world Other sperm joins with two nuclei in the megagametophyte to form triploid 3n tissue called endosperm Sperm reach eggs via pollen tubes growing through parental sporophyte tissue The triploid endosperm becomes the source of nutrients for the developing embryo Fig 30 10 38 7 38 8 38 9 5 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu 6 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Primitive Angiosperm Clades Major Angiosperm Clades Fig 30 12 Fig 30 12 Judd et al 2002 Basal Families earliest flowering plants Basal Families pollen usually monocolpate pollen usually monocolpate with one furrow or pore usually have monocolpate pollen grains with single long grooved aperture some lack vessels or have primitive vessels Amborellaceae 1 species in New Caledonia it lacks vessels Nymphaeaceae water lilies lacking or with primitive vessels Illiciaceae star anise Magnoliid Complex Monocots monocolpate pollen Magnoliid Complex select families listed below Eudicots tricolpate pollen tricolpate pollen grains have 3 long grooved apertures each with a central pore 7 Magnoliaceae magnolias Lauraceae cinnamon camphor California bay laurel Piperaceae black pepper kava betel leaf 8 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Monocots Fig 30 12 Examples of monocot families Usually monocolpate pollen has one furrow or pore Floral parts usually in multiples of 3s Liliaceae lilies Leaf venation is usually parallel Zingiberaceae gingers One cotyledon in embryo Dioscoreaceae yams cotyledon small leaf of plant embryo that stores nutrients and can be photosynthetic First root in cotelydon is short lived Arecaceae palms e g coconut betel nut Poaceae grasses e g rice wheat corn Stems with scattered vascular bundles no secondary growth Orchidaceae orchids vanilla 9 10 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu EUDICOTS Fig 30 12 Examples of Eudicot families Tricolpate pollen Ranunculaceae basal eudicot family buttercups goldenseal Floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 Papaveraceae morphine codeine from opium poppy Leaf venation is reticulate or netlike Caryophyllaceae carnations Two cotyledons in embryo Vitaceae grapes Stems with vascular bundles in circular pattern with secondary growth Fabaceae beans peas First root of dicot embryo is long lived develops into taproot system 11 Brassicaceae kale cabbage brussel sprouts broccoli cauliflower 12 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Examples of Eudicot families Rosaceae roses apples pears peaches almonds strawberries raspberries Angiosperms Cucurbitaceae pumpkins squash cucumbers Flower contributes centrally to the development of the diversity in this group Solanaceae tomato potato eggplant chili pepper atropine from Atropa belladonna Flowers Lamiaceae peppermint spearmint catnip basil sage rosemary thyme Adaptations that enhance pollination Apiaceae carrots anise celery fennel Tremendously diverse in size shape color fragrance Asteraceae sunflowers Echinacea Calendula 13 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Flower Structure 14 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Flower Parts Figs 30 7 30 12 30 13 38 2 38 3 Pedicel stalk of flower Fig 30 7 30 12 30 13 38 2 38 3 Recepticle portion of pedicel to which floral parts are attached Unit for sexual reproduction in angiosperms Four kinds of floral appendages arranged in series of whorls Developed from shoots that have been modified for reproduction 15 Sepals outer lowest on axis usually green Petals often large colorful to attract pollinators Stamens male Carpels female inner highest on axis 16 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Floral appendages Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Fig 30 7 30 12 30 13 38 2 38 3 Floral appendages Sepals collectively the calyx outer most lowest appendage usually green Fig 30 7 30 10 38 4 Stamens microsporophylls male structures that consist of Petals collectively the corolla large and often non green bright colors base of petal may contain a nectary which produces the sugar rich nectar filament supporting stalk four chambered anther in which pollen is produced each chamber in anther is equivalent to a microsporangium Perianth collectively made up of sepals petals 17 Bio 1B Fall 05 Angiosperms Flower Parts Pollination Professor Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Male Gametophyte Production
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