SOA 223 1nd Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture 1.) Research Methods2.) Types of Research3.) Stages of research processOutline of Current Lecture 1.) Memory Issues2.) Observation Studies3.) Experiments4.) Internal & External validityCurrent LectureMemory Issues-Solution: Reduce time that elapses between experience & reporting of it- Interval-contingent self-reports: Called every night- Signal-contingent self-reports: Random calls- Event-contingent self-reports: Every time event happensObservational Studies- Direct: Involves systematic observations about behavior; conducted in lab or natural setting- Participant: Researcher makes systematic observations of behaviors & plays active rolein interactionsTearoom Trade: men engage in bathroom sex in parks. Found that men that have engage, lead traditionally conservative livesObservation Study advantages: Avoid faulty recollections & self-report biasesObservation Study disadvantages: Reactance effect- Person knows you’re watching may affect behavior. And if study is done in public, public may create unnatural behaviorObservation study improvementsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Inter rater reliability- degree of agreement between trained observers about what occurred- Addition of technology- recorders, computers, eye tracking, reaction time…Experiments- Lab- takes place in controlled environment- Field- takes place in everyday situation. Higher in external validity- Experiment- Form of research that can determine causes & effect relationships because 1) experimenter has control over conditions; manipulations. 2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions- Random assignment- placement of participants based on chanceo Makes groups equivalent except exposure to independent variableo Not same as random sampleo Can conclude differences between groups on dependent variable due to effects of independent variable- Independent variable- Experimental factor that researcher manipulates- Dependent variable- Variable being measured that depends on independent variable- Subject variable- characteristics of participants in experiment, which are preexisting and not manipulatedWeaknesses of experiments1) Social phenomena cannot be studied experimentally2) Experiments face threats to internal validity- degree that you can be certain that independent variable caused effects of dependent variables3) Problems with external validity- degree which results will generalize to other people &situationsExample threats of Internal Validity- Confound- factor other than independent variable that differs between conditions- Experimenter expectancy effects- when experimenter’s expectations about results influence participant’s responsesExample threats of External Validity- Sample: Can results generalize to other people?- Setting/Situation? - Tradeoff between mundane realism & experimental realism- Mundane realism- Degree of which experiment resembles real world- Experimental realism- Degree that procedures are involving, lead participants to behave spontaneously- Archival Research- analyzing info/data collected previously by otherso Valuable for examining cultural/historical