SOA 223 1nd Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture 1.) Conducting Research2.) The Self3.) Sources of Self-Concept Outline of Current Lecture 1.) Culture2.) Self-Esteem3.) Self-PresentationCurrent LectureSource 5: Culture- Self-concept is also influenced by cultural factors- Contrasting cultural orientations:o Individualismo Collectivism- Individualistic cultures: People strive for personal achievement- Collectivistic cultures: People drive more satisfaction from the status of the valued group- Dialecticism: Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single personGender and Self- Across cultures, men generally have more indepence, women have more interdependent view ofself- Differences may be due to socializationo Cultural stereotypes, parental feedback, educational treatmento Evolution may contribute to gender differencesSelf Esteem- Positive or negative evaluation of selfThe need for self esteem- Satisfying this need is critical to our entire outlook on life.- Those with a positive self-image tend to be happy, healthy, productive, and successful.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Those with a negative self-image tend to be more depressed, pessimistic about the future, and prone to failureMeasurementRosenberg Self-esteem Scale“On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.”“At time I think I am no good at all.” (R.S) Reverse Scored“I take a positive attitude toward myself.”Theories about why we need self-esteem- Sociometer hypothesis: Self-esteem is a cue of the extent to which we are getting along with others- Terror management theory: People are motivated by a fear of death, and self-esteem is a way to conqure that fearAnother theory related to self-esteem: Self-discrepancy theory- Self-esteem depends on discrepancy between actual and ideal self and more specifically:o Amount of discrepancyo Importance of discrepancy to selfo Extent to which one focuses on one’s self-discrepanciesSelf-awareness can make self-discrepancies more salientGroup differences in self-esteemWho has higher self-esteem?Men or women? MenWhich ethnic groups?BlacksYounger or older? Younger, than goes down, starts increasing around age 40+ then goes down after age 70Sources of self-esteem- Family experiences- Reactions from other important significant others- Performance feedback- Social comparisonStrategies to Enhance self-esteem- Positive illusions (better than average effect)- Implicit egotism (unconscious expression of self-esteem)- Self-serving beliefs- inflated memories, self-enhancing attributions- Unrealistic optimism and illusions of control- Self-handicapping- Basking in reflected glory- and cut off reflected failure- CORF- Self-esteem contingent on multiple domains- self- complexityNot everyone wants to enhance self-esteem and high self-esteem can sometimes be dangerous- Truth matters. People with negative self-views may not want flattering feedback. (self-verification theory)- Depends on culture. Independent cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem than interdependent cultures- Dark side to high self-esteem. Can lead to self-defeating behavior, not liked by others.Self-Presentation- Most people are concerned about and try to control the image they present2 types of Self-Presentation1. Strategic Self-Presentation- Try to shape impressions to gain influence, power, sympathy, approval- Integration & self-promotion2. Self-verification- Desire to have others see them as you see yourselfSelf-monitoring- tendency to regulate behavior to meet demands of social situations- High self-monitors: Sensitive to strategic self-presentation concerns (changes in diff. situations)- Low self-monitors: More concerned with