Costs of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationMaterial costsCannot be sure why others are behaving as they are (attribution ambiguity)Treated nicely when in a stereotype group, you may wonder “did I get this job for my abilities or to have that token female/African American on their staff?”Being stigmatizedConsequences of Stereotype ThreatFear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of othersEx: Female taking math test, aware of the stereotype that women do better on math, that may make you do worseStereotype Threat and Academic AchievementStereotype threat is the fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of othersHow can stereotype threat hamper academic achievement?The reactions to the threat can directly interfere with performanceThe threat can cause individuals to dismiss the domain as no longer relevant to their self-esteem and identityStudy:1st condition- no gender different on testTest scores were no different, both did well2nd condition- said that men were betterMen did better in this situationStigmatizationBeing persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristicAnyone can be a target of stigmatization but some individuals are major and relentless targets of these negative stereotypes and prejudice which can result in feeling devalued by society3 Types:Tribal- devalued by race, ethnicity, or religionAbominations of the BodyBlemishes of characterStigmas can be visible or concealableWhat is a collective?An assembly of people engaging in a common activity but having little direct interaction with each otherNot a real groupPresence of an Audience: Does it improve or impair performance?When you are engaging in individual efforts but along with others or in presence of others, social facilitation occursSocial facilitation enhances easy tasksTriplett’s data on cyclists and experiments with children winding up fishing line on a reelZajonc’s study with cockroachesSocial facilitation inhibits difficult tasksBetter alone than with other peopleZajonc’s study of cockroaches- part iiStudy of pool players in a college student unionZajonc’s solution- look in the book for chartAlternative Explanations for Social FacilitationThe Evaluation-Apprehension ExplanationArgues that arousal is only created when others are evaluatingThe Distraction-Conflict ExplanationArgues that others, as well as nonsocial stimuli, are distracting, which causes arousalDo better on the test if things were distractingSocial LoafingWhen you are with others but merge into the group, you should become more relaxedAs a result, you will not be as productive, particularly on simple tasksEvidence for Social LoafingRingelmann’s study of men pulling on a ropeLatane’s study of 6 shouting blindfolded studentsExplanation’s for Social LoafingRelaxation- no arousal that provides energyDiffusion of responsibilityFactors associated with the decreased likelihood of social loafingBeing femaleBeing from a collectivistic cultureThe outcome is personally importantBelief that one’s contribution mattersThe group is small and cohesiveUnifying facilitation and LoafingYou need to know two things to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder your performanceWill your individual efforts be evaluated?Is the task simple or complex?Deindividuation and Loss of Individual IdentityBeing in a crowd (collective, nonsocial group) can also cause deindividuation which is the loosening of normal constraints on behavior, leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant actsDoing something more impulsive/deviant in the darkPossible Explanations’ of DeindividuationAccountability cues- feeling less accountable for one’s actionsAttentional cues- diminished self-awareness (and thus less attention on internal standards)Conformity to group norms specific to the situation (social identity increases, which in some cases could increase conformity)Social Identity Model of DeindividuationDeindividuation effects can sometimes lead people to act better, if there is a shift to social identity and the group norm advocates a positive behaviorDefinitions of GroupCollection of two or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent, in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to rely on each otherWhy do people join groups?An innate need, arising from evolutionary pressures to increase survival and reproductionAccomplish things they cannot accomplish aloneTo acquire the social status and identity and self-esteemTo acquire important information to reduce ambiguity about the social worldSOA 223 1nd Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Overcoming Stereotypes2. Prejudice3. RacismOutline of Current Lecture 1. Prejudice, Stereotyping & Racism2. Social Loafing3. Social facilitation4. Deindividuation Current LectureGeneral Findings from this research- If target has a weapon, quicker to press shoot if black than white- If target has a harmless object, slower to press don’t shoot if black than white- More likely to mistakenly shoot an unarmed black target than unarmed white target- With repetition or more time, actual officers were less likely to make mistakesCosts of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination- Material costso Cannot be sure why others are behaving as they are (attribution ambiguity) Treated nicely when in a stereotype group, you may wonder “did I get this job for my abilities or to have that token female/African American on their staff?”o Being stigmatizedo Consequences of Stereotype Threat Fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of othersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Ex: Female taking math test, aware of the stereotype that women do better on math, that may make you do worse Stereotype Threat and Academic Achievement- Stereotype threat is the fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of others- How can stereotype threat hamper academic achievement?o The reactions to the threat can directly interfere with performanceo The threat can cause individuals to dismiss the domain as no longer relevant to their self-esteem and identity- Study:o 1st condition- no gender different on test Test scores were no different, both did wello 2nd condition- said