BSC 160 1nd Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture 1. Groups2. AggressionOutline of Current Lecture 1. Aggression continued…2. Evolutionary psychologyCurrent Lecture- Relational aggression- Direct aggression vs. indirect aggressionGender Differences in Aggression- Men more violent, engage in more physical aggression- Women engage in more indirect/relational aggressionEvolutionary Psychology- Inhibition of aggression against those genetically related- Male aggression can be triggered when status is challenged, in response to sexual jealousy- Female aggression triggered in defending offspringBehavior Genetics- Aggression can be inherited Hormones- TestosteroneIs Aggression learned?- Role of reinforcement (rewards)o Positive- aggression produces desired outcomeo Negative- aggression stops an undesired outcome- PunishmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Social Learning TheoryCultural Differences in Aggression- American south- more hostility in men. Higher rates in homicide due to arguments in south than in northSocial Situations & AggressionFrustration-aggression theory: When prevented from attaining goal, increases aggressionOriginal Frustration- Aggression Hypothesis- Frustration will always lead to aggression- Every act of aggression is preceded by frustrated- Redirecting aggression causes catharsis, reduction in aggressive drive- ALL ABOVE REFUTED, revision of hypothesisRevised Hypothesis…- Negative affectAggression- Increased aggression when provoked- Increased aggression in High heat Weapons Effect- Presence of aggressive stimulus (gun) can increase probability of aggressionAlcohol also increases aggression. Leads to disinhibition, weaking of restraints- Inability to process complex & subtle situational cues- Reduction of self-awareness- People expect inappropriate behaviors are more excusable while drunkRumination (overthinking) & High arousal lead to aggression. - High arousal can lead to excitation transfer- Self-control is reduced by rumination, alcohol & high arousalHostile Attributions- People/situations are conductive to perceiving hostile intent in others- Increases aggression*The link between violent media & aggressive behavior is strongly establishedWhy Does Media Violence Increase Real Violence?- Identification with aggressive characters- Triggers imitation/learning scripts (monkey see, monkey do)- Cultivation: constructs social reality that world is hostile- Desensitizes, form of habituation, us to violence & cruelty- No evidence for catharsis Porn & Aggression?- Hard core & violent can lead to aggression- Men who fit rapist profile likely to have increased arousal & positive attitude toward violence against womenReducing Aggression- Inducing incompatible responses- Increased opportunities to achieve goals & reduce frustration- Nonaggressive models - Social skills training- Gun
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